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Cuartas L´ópez, L., & Moral Jiménez, M. de la V. (2015). Percepciones sobre el estereotipo del atractivo físico (“Lo bello es bueno”) y la personalidad criminal: condenados por la cara . Psychologia, 19(1), 15–26. https://doi.org/10.21500/19002386.7073
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Resumen
El estudio del estereotipo de “Lo bello es bueno”, mediante el que se relaciona el atractivo físico con características positivas de personalidad, conductuales y morales, presenta múltiples implicaciones psicosociales y jurídicas. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar la posible manifestación de sesgos cognitivos en las tomas de decisiones sobre la criminalidad asociados a la percepción del atractivo físico. Participaron 182 jóvenes con edades comprendidas entre los 14 y los 19 años (X = 16.72; DT = 1.707). Se aplicó un cuestionario compuesto por dos conjuntos de imágenes con diversas preguntas y la escala AQ de Buss y Perry, con el fin de valorar la posible criminalidad. De acuerdo con los resultados obtenidos, se ha hallado que los rostros pertenecientes a las mujeres, así como los rostros pertenecientes a varones más jóvenes son relacionados con menor frecuencia con la percepción de criminalidad. Se concluye que el mayor o menor atractivo físico es un factor importante en la formación de impresiones y en su asociación percibida con la comisión de delitos.
Referencias
Alonso, D., Ortiz, P. A., & Vieco, F. (2004). Cualidades paramétricas del cuestionario de agresión (AQ) de Buss y Perry en estudiantes universitarios de la ciudad de Medellín (Colombia). Revista Facultad Nacional de Salud Pública, 22(2), 49-61.
Araya, I., & Crespo, F. A. (2016). Teoría de agencia: una revisión del origen biológico del delito. Estudios Gerenciales, 32(139), 146-153. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-009-9232-1
Arena, F. J. (2016). Los estereotipos normativos en la decisión judicial: Una exploración conceptual. Revista de Derecho (Valdivia), 29(1), 51-75. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-09502016000100003
Arnau, L., & Montané, J. (2017). Aportaciones sobre la relación conceptual entre actitud y competencia, desde la teoría del cambio de actitudes. Electronic Journal of Research in Education Psychology, 8(22). https://doi.org/10.25115/ejrep.v8i22.1416
Aydin, N., Plewe, M. C., Mahr, L. A. M., & Kleber, J. (2024). Ill, but Still Attractive? The Impact of Mental Illness on Attractiveness Perceptions and Social Judgment. Behavioral Sciences, 14(5), 406. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14050406
Bjornsdottir, R. T., & Beacon, E. (2024). Stereotypes bias social class perception from faces: The roles of race, gender, affect, and attractiveness. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 0(0), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1177/17470218241230469
Bowyer, K.W., King, M.C., Scheirer, W. J., & Vangara, K. (2020). The “criminality from face” illusion. Technology and Society, 1(4), 175-183. https://doi.org/10.1109/TTS.2020.3032321
Burke, P. (2005). History and social theory. Polity.
Buss, A. H., & Perry, M. P. (1992). The aggression questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 63, 452-459. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.63.3.452
Cherry, K. (2020). Why the halo effect influences how we perceive others. Verywellmind. https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-the-halo-effect-2795906
Clérico, L. (2018). Hacia un análisis integral de estereotipos: desafiando la garantía estándar de imparcialidad. Revista Derecho del Estado, 41, 67-96. https://doi.org/10.18601/01229893.n41.03
Coutts, C. M., Longmore, C. A., & Mileva, M. (2024). Facial first impressions following a prison sentence: Negative shift in trait ratings but the same underlying structure. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 111(3), 104568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104568
Cudina-Obradovic, M. (1996). The impact of preadolescents’ physical beauty on others and the self. Društvena istraživanja, 4, 447-459.
Dion, K., Berscheid, F., & Walster, E. Н. (1972). What is beautiful is good. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 24, 285-290. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0033731
Dirks, D., Heldman, C., & Zack, E. (2015). “She’s white and she’s hot, so she can’t be guilty”: female criminality, penal spectatorship, and white protectionism. Contemporary Justice Review, 18(2), 160-177. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-009-9232-1
Eagly, A. H., Ashmore, R. D., Makhijani, M. G., & Longo, L. C. (1991). What is beautiful is good, but…: A meta-analytic review of research on the physical attractiveness stereotype. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 109-128. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.110.1.109
Estrada-Reynolds, V. C., Reynolds, J. J., McCrea, S.M., & Freng, S. (2017). I don’t like the cut of your jib: perceived facial masculinity as a cue to criminality. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 24(3), 392-409. https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2016.1247639
Ford, K. D., Penton-Voak, I. S., & Pound, N. (2022). Justice is (not so) blind: Effects of facial masculinity and agreeableness on perceptions of criminal guilt. Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences, 16(1), 67. https://doi.org/10.1037/ebs0000246
García, J. L., Johnson, A. J., Carlucci, M. E., & Grover, R. L. (2020) The impact of mental health diagnoses on perceptions of risk of criminality. International Journal of Social Psychiatry. 2020, 66(4), 397-410. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020913322
Geneviève, D., Sébastien, T., Simon, B., Vincent, R., Vincent, R., & Vincent, R. (2010). team performance and adaptability in crisis management: a comparison of cross-functional and functional teams. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting (Vol. 54, No. 19, pp. 1610-1614). Sage Publications.
Germain, C. G., & Gitterman, A. (1996). The life model of social work practice: advances in theory and practice. Columbia University Press.
Ghiasi, N., Azhar, Y., & Singh, J. (2020). Psychiatric illness and criminality. StatPearls Publishing.
Han, D. E., & Laurent, S. M. (2023). Beautiful seems good, but perhaps not in every way: Linking attractiveness to moral evaluation through perceived vanity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 124(2), 264. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000317
Hashemi, M., & Hall, M. (2020). Criminal tendency detection from facial images and the gender bias effect. Journal of Big Data, 7(1). https://journalofbigdata.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40537-019-0282-4
He, D., Workman, C. I., He, X., & Chatterjee, A. (2022). What is good is beautiful (and what isn’t, isn’t): How moral character affects perceived facial attractiveness. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1037/aca0000454
Herrera, A., Herrera, M. C., & Expósito, F. (2016). Is the beautiful always so good? Influence of physical attractiveness on the social perception of sexual harassment/¿Es lo bello siempre tan bueno? Influencia del atractivo físico en la percepción social del acoso sexual. Revista de Psicología Social, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/02134748.2016.1143179
Jauk, E., Neubauer, A. C., Mairunteregger, T., Pemp, S., Sieber, P. K., & Rauthmann, F. J. (2016). How alluring are dark personalities? The dark triad and attractiveness in speed dating. European Journal of Personality, 30(2), 125-138. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2040
Johnson, B. D., & King, R. D. (2017). Facial Profiling: Race, physical appearance, and punishment. Criminology, 55(3), 520-547. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12143
Jones, A. L., Tree, J., & Ward, R. (2018). Personality in faces: Implicit associations between appearance and personality. European Journal of Social Psychology, 49(3), 658-669. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2534
Jose, R., & Hipp, J. (2017). Mental illness as an ecological factor of neighborhood crime. Criminology, Criminal Jusice. Law & Society, 18(2), 39-61.
Klatt, T., Maltby, J. J., Humphries, J., Smailes, H. L., Ryder, H., Phelps, M., & Flowe, H. D. (2016). Looking bad: Inferring criminality after 100 ms. Applied Psychology in Criminal Justice, 12(2), 114-125.
Konrath, S., & Handy, F. (2020). The good-looking giver effect: the relationship between doing good and looking good. Journals Permissions, Sage Publishing, 50(2), 283-311. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0899764020950835
Langlois, J. H., Kalakanis, L., Rubenstein, A. J., Larson, A., Hallam, M., & Smoot, M. (2000). Maxims or myths of beauty? A meta–analytic and theoretical review. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 390-423. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.126.3.390
Larose, H., Tracy, J., & McKelvie, S. J. (2010). Effects of gender on the physical attractiveness stereotype. The Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 127(6), 677-680. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1993.9914906
Lindsay, S. L., Haynie, D. L., & Edison, S. (2024). An Attractive Target: Do Perceptions of Physical Attractiveness Shape Victimization Risks in Women’s Prisons? Victims & Offenders, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2024.2356828
Moya, M., & Expósito, F. (2007). Percepción de personas y de sus acciones. En J. F. Morales, M. C. Moya y M. I. Cuadrado. Psicología Social (pp. 267-294). Mc Graw-Hill.
Musitu, G., Jiménez, T. I., & Murgui, S. (2007). Funcionamiento familiar, autoestima y consumo de sustancias en adolescentes: un modelo de mediación. Salud Pública de México, 49(1), 3-10.
Nurmoja, M., & Eamets, T. (2012). Dependence of the Apparance-based perception of criminality, suggestibility, and trustworthiness on the leve lof pixelation of facial images. Perceptual and Motor Skills: Perception, 115(2), 465-480. https://doi.org/10.2466/24.22.PMS.115.5.465-480
Olivera-La Rosa, A., Ayala, L. D., & Tamayo, R. M. (2024). When being unattractive is an advantage: effects of face perception on intuitive culpability judgments. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2023.2260847
Quintas, M. M. (2023). Discriminación por aspecto –aspectismo–, implicaciones psicosociales y jurídicas. Tesis Doctoral. Universidad a Distancia de Madrid.
Royero, M. C., Ramírez, G. H., Herrera, A. M., Álvarez, J. O., Flórez, M. S., & Mercado-Caruso, N. (2022). Análisis de la percepción e identificación de causas de la inseguridad. Una revisión de la literatura. Boletín de Innovación, Logística y Operaciones, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.17981.4.1.2022.06
Said, C. P., & Todorov. A, (2011). A statistical model of facial attractiveness. Psychological Science, 22(9), 1183–1190. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611419169
Schoijet, M. (2018). Algunos antecedentes de la antropología criminal de Césare Lombroso. Alegatos, 23(72), 111-126.
Seidman, G., & Miller, O. S. (2013). Effects of gender and physical attractiveness on visual attention to Facebook profiles. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 16(1), 20-24. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2012.0305
Tissera, H., Lydon, J. E., & Human, L. J. (2023). Is what is beautiful good and still more accurately understood? A replication and extension of Lorenzo et al. (2010). European Journal of Personality, 37(4), 468-484. https://doi.org/10.1177/08902070221099688
Umukoro, S. O., & Egwuonwu, I. D. (2014). Effects of offender’s physical attraction and sex on the severity of sentencing decisions. African Journal for the Psychological Studies of Social Issues, 16(1), 2-12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02160
Valla, J. M., Ceci, S. J., & Williams, W. M. (2011). The accuracy of inferences about criminality based on facial appearance. Journal of Social, Evolutionary, and Cultural Psychology, 5(1), 66. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0099274
Vandellen, M. R., Schiavone, W. M., Wright, J. W., & Bornstein, J. X. (2024). When What Is Beautiful Is Not Good: The Role of Trait Self-Control in Resisting Eye Candy. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Mar, 11:1461672241235386. https://doi.org/101461672241235386
Vanegas, G. A. P. (2022). Desarrollo humano para confrontar la criminalidad: factores desde la criminodinámica, pobreza y libertad. Ius Comitiãlis, 5(10), 62-80.
Wu, X., & Zhang, X. (2016). Responses to critiques on machine learning of criminality perceptions. ArXiv:1611.04135. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1611.04135
Zebrowitz, L. A., & McDonald, S. M. (1991). The impact of litigants’ baby-facedness and attractiveness on adjudications in small Claims Courts. Law and Human Behavior, 15(6), 603-623. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01065855
Zebrowitz, L. A., & Montepare, J. M. (2008). Social psychological face perception: why appearance matters. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2(3), 497-517. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00109.x
Araya, I., & Crespo, F. A. (2016). Teoría de agencia: una revisión del origen biológico del delito. Estudios Gerenciales, 32(139), 146-153. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-009-9232-1
Arena, F. J. (2016). Los estereotipos normativos en la decisión judicial: Una exploración conceptual. Revista de Derecho (Valdivia), 29(1), 51-75. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-09502016000100003
Arnau, L., & Montané, J. (2017). Aportaciones sobre la relación conceptual entre actitud y competencia, desde la teoría del cambio de actitudes. Electronic Journal of Research in Education Psychology, 8(22). https://doi.org/10.25115/ejrep.v8i22.1416
Aydin, N., Plewe, M. C., Mahr, L. A. M., & Kleber, J. (2024). Ill, but Still Attractive? The Impact of Mental Illness on Attractiveness Perceptions and Social Judgment. Behavioral Sciences, 14(5), 406. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14050406
Bjornsdottir, R. T., & Beacon, E. (2024). Stereotypes bias social class perception from faces: The roles of race, gender, affect, and attractiveness. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 0(0), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1177/17470218241230469
Bowyer, K.W., King, M.C., Scheirer, W. J., & Vangara, K. (2020). The “criminality from face” illusion. Technology and Society, 1(4), 175-183. https://doi.org/10.1109/TTS.2020.3032321
Burke, P. (2005). History and social theory. Polity.
Buss, A. H., & Perry, M. P. (1992). The aggression questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 63, 452-459. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.63.3.452
Cherry, K. (2020). Why the halo effect influences how we perceive others. Verywellmind. https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-the-halo-effect-2795906
Clérico, L. (2018). Hacia un análisis integral de estereotipos: desafiando la garantía estándar de imparcialidad. Revista Derecho del Estado, 41, 67-96. https://doi.org/10.18601/01229893.n41.03
Coutts, C. M., Longmore, C. A., & Mileva, M. (2024). Facial first impressions following a prison sentence: Negative shift in trait ratings but the same underlying structure. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 111(3), 104568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2023.104568
Cudina-Obradovic, M. (1996). The impact of preadolescents’ physical beauty on others and the self. Društvena istraživanja, 4, 447-459.
Dion, K., Berscheid, F., & Walster, E. Н. (1972). What is beautiful is good. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 24, 285-290. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0033731
Dirks, D., Heldman, C., & Zack, E. (2015). “She’s white and she’s hot, so she can’t be guilty”: female criminality, penal spectatorship, and white protectionism. Contemporary Justice Review, 18(2), 160-177. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-009-9232-1
Eagly, A. H., Ashmore, R. D., Makhijani, M. G., & Longo, L. C. (1991). What is beautiful is good, but…: A meta-analytic review of research on the physical attractiveness stereotype. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 109-128. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.110.1.109
Estrada-Reynolds, V. C., Reynolds, J. J., McCrea, S.M., & Freng, S. (2017). I don’t like the cut of your jib: perceived facial masculinity as a cue to criminality. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 24(3), 392-409. https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2016.1247639
Ford, K. D., Penton-Voak, I. S., & Pound, N. (2022). Justice is (not so) blind: Effects of facial masculinity and agreeableness on perceptions of criminal guilt. Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences, 16(1), 67. https://doi.org/10.1037/ebs0000246
García, J. L., Johnson, A. J., Carlucci, M. E., & Grover, R. L. (2020) The impact of mental health diagnoses on perceptions of risk of criminality. International Journal of Social Psychiatry. 2020, 66(4), 397-410. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020913322
Geneviève, D., Sébastien, T., Simon, B., Vincent, R., Vincent, R., & Vincent, R. (2010). team performance and adaptability in crisis management: a comparison of cross-functional and functional teams. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting (Vol. 54, No. 19, pp. 1610-1614). Sage Publications.
Germain, C. G., & Gitterman, A. (1996). The life model of social work practice: advances in theory and practice. Columbia University Press.
Ghiasi, N., Azhar, Y., & Singh, J. (2020). Psychiatric illness and criminality. StatPearls Publishing.
Han, D. E., & Laurent, S. M. (2023). Beautiful seems good, but perhaps not in every way: Linking attractiveness to moral evaluation through perceived vanity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 124(2), 264. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000317
Hashemi, M., & Hall, M. (2020). Criminal tendency detection from facial images and the gender bias effect. Journal of Big Data, 7(1). https://journalofbigdata.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40537-019-0282-4
He, D., Workman, C. I., He, X., & Chatterjee, A. (2022). What is good is beautiful (and what isn’t, isn’t): How moral character affects perceived facial attractiveness. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1037/aca0000454
Herrera, A., Herrera, M. C., & Expósito, F. (2016). Is the beautiful always so good? Influence of physical attractiveness on the social perception of sexual harassment/¿Es lo bello siempre tan bueno? Influencia del atractivo físico en la percepción social del acoso sexual. Revista de Psicología Social, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/02134748.2016.1143179
Jauk, E., Neubauer, A. C., Mairunteregger, T., Pemp, S., Sieber, P. K., & Rauthmann, F. J. (2016). How alluring are dark personalities? The dark triad and attractiveness in speed dating. European Journal of Personality, 30(2), 125-138. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2040
Johnson, B. D., & King, R. D. (2017). Facial Profiling: Race, physical appearance, and punishment. Criminology, 55(3), 520-547. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12143
Jones, A. L., Tree, J., & Ward, R. (2018). Personality in faces: Implicit associations between appearance and personality. European Journal of Social Psychology, 49(3), 658-669. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2534
Jose, R., & Hipp, J. (2017). Mental illness as an ecological factor of neighborhood crime. Criminology, Criminal Jusice. Law & Society, 18(2), 39-61.
Klatt, T., Maltby, J. J., Humphries, J., Smailes, H. L., Ryder, H., Phelps, M., & Flowe, H. D. (2016). Looking bad: Inferring criminality after 100 ms. Applied Psychology in Criminal Justice, 12(2), 114-125.
Konrath, S., & Handy, F. (2020). The good-looking giver effect: the relationship between doing good and looking good. Journals Permissions, Sage Publishing, 50(2), 283-311. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0899764020950835
Langlois, J. H., Kalakanis, L., Rubenstein, A. J., Larson, A., Hallam, M., & Smoot, M. (2000). Maxims or myths of beauty? A meta–analytic and theoretical review. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 390-423. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.126.3.390
Larose, H., Tracy, J., & McKelvie, S. J. (2010). Effects of gender on the physical attractiveness stereotype. The Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 127(6), 677-680. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1993.9914906
Lindsay, S. L., Haynie, D. L., & Edison, S. (2024). An Attractive Target: Do Perceptions of Physical Attractiveness Shape Victimization Risks in Women’s Prisons? Victims & Offenders, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2024.2356828
Moya, M., & Expósito, F. (2007). Percepción de personas y de sus acciones. En J. F. Morales, M. C. Moya y M. I. Cuadrado. Psicología Social (pp. 267-294). Mc Graw-Hill.
Musitu, G., Jiménez, T. I., & Murgui, S. (2007). Funcionamiento familiar, autoestima y consumo de sustancias en adolescentes: un modelo de mediación. Salud Pública de México, 49(1), 3-10.
Nurmoja, M., & Eamets, T. (2012). Dependence of the Apparance-based perception of criminality, suggestibility, and trustworthiness on the leve lof pixelation of facial images. Perceptual and Motor Skills: Perception, 115(2), 465-480. https://doi.org/10.2466/24.22.PMS.115.5.465-480
Olivera-La Rosa, A., Ayala, L. D., & Tamayo, R. M. (2024). When being unattractive is an advantage: effects of face perception on intuitive culpability judgments. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2023.2260847
Quintas, M. M. (2023). Discriminación por aspecto –aspectismo–, implicaciones psicosociales y jurídicas. Tesis Doctoral. Universidad a Distancia de Madrid.
Royero, M. C., Ramírez, G. H., Herrera, A. M., Álvarez, J. O., Flórez, M. S., & Mercado-Caruso, N. (2022). Análisis de la percepción e identificación de causas de la inseguridad. Una revisión de la literatura. Boletín de Innovación, Logística y Operaciones, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.17981.4.1.2022.06
Said, C. P., & Todorov. A, (2011). A statistical model of facial attractiveness. Psychological Science, 22(9), 1183–1190. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611419169
Schoijet, M. (2018). Algunos antecedentes de la antropología criminal de Césare Lombroso. Alegatos, 23(72), 111-126.
Seidman, G., & Miller, O. S. (2013). Effects of gender and physical attractiveness on visual attention to Facebook profiles. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 16(1), 20-24. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2012.0305
Tissera, H., Lydon, J. E., & Human, L. J. (2023). Is what is beautiful good and still more accurately understood? A replication and extension of Lorenzo et al. (2010). European Journal of Personality, 37(4), 468-484. https://doi.org/10.1177/08902070221099688
Umukoro, S. O., & Egwuonwu, I. D. (2014). Effects of offender’s physical attraction and sex on the severity of sentencing decisions. African Journal for the Psychological Studies of Social Issues, 16(1), 2-12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02160
Valla, J. M., Ceci, S. J., & Williams, W. M. (2011). The accuracy of inferences about criminality based on facial appearance. Journal of Social, Evolutionary, and Cultural Psychology, 5(1), 66. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0099274
Vandellen, M. R., Schiavone, W. M., Wright, J. W., & Bornstein, J. X. (2024). When What Is Beautiful Is Not Good: The Role of Trait Self-Control in Resisting Eye Candy. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Mar, 11:1461672241235386. https://doi.org/101461672241235386
Vanegas, G. A. P. (2022). Desarrollo humano para confrontar la criminalidad: factores desde la criminodinámica, pobreza y libertad. Ius Comitiãlis, 5(10), 62-80.
Wu, X., & Zhang, X. (2016). Responses to critiques on machine learning of criminality perceptions. ArXiv:1611.04135. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1611.04135
Zebrowitz, L. A., & McDonald, S. M. (1991). The impact of litigants’ baby-facedness and attractiveness on adjudications in small Claims Courts. Law and Human Behavior, 15(6), 603-623. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01065855
Zebrowitz, L. A., & Montepare, J. M. (2008). Social psychological face perception: why appearance matters. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2(3), 497-517. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00109.x
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