The general resurrection of the dead in the synoptic gospels
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Carlos Blanco-Pérez
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Blanco-Pérez, Carlos. 2022. “The General Resurrection of the Dead in the Synoptic Gospels”. Franciscanum 64 (177). https://doi.org/10.21500/01201468.5757.
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Abstract
The aim of this paper is to analyze the idea of general resurrection of the dead at the end of times in the synoptic Gospels. We intend to clarify whether this concept can be interpreted as a transposition of the parallel belief contained in some intertestamental writings, or if the singularity of the religious experience expressed in the synoptic Gospels establishes an inexorable moment of discontinuity with the previous apocalyptic framework, making it impossible to understand this doctrine on the sole basis of its Jewish precedents. In order to accomplish our goal, we shall first study the general resurrection of the dead in the Q source, the references to this notion in the gospel of Mark, and its meaning in both Matthew and Luke. We will exclude from our treatment all the topics related with the resurrection of Jesus, and we will be focused on the explicit mentions of the doctrine of the resurrection of the dead as such. Since implicit beliefs are always difficult to assess, especially in the context of eschatological ideas, in which vagueness and absence of a systematic effort of exposition often prevail, we will not allude to other synoptic passages which have been regarded as potential expressions of the doctrine of the resurrection of the dead at the end of times.
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References
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Blanco, C. Why Resurrection? An Introduction to the Belief in the Afterlife in Judaism and Christianity. Eugene: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2011.
Blanco, C. «La escatología apocalíptica y sus posibles influjos exógenos». Cristianesimo nella storia 2, Vol. 32 (2011): 501-525.
Blanco, C. El pensamiento de la apocalíptica judía. Ensayo filosófico-teológico. Madrid: Editorial Trotta, 2013.
Blanco Pérez, C.A. «Resurrección, apocalíptica, historia: emergencia y desarrollo de la idea de resurrección en el judaísmo del II Templo». Excerpta e Dissertationibus in Sacra Theologia 3, Vol. LX (2013): 188-275.
Blenkinsopp, J. Judaism. The First Phase: The Place of Ezra and Nehemiah in the Origins of Judaism. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2009.
Bovon, F. Das Evangelium nach Lukas. Zürich: Benziger Verlag, 1989-2009.
Bovon, F. «The Soul’s Comeback: Immortality and Resurrection in Early Christianity». Harvard Theological Review 4, Vol. 103 (2010): 387-406.
Braun, H. «Zur Terminologie der Acta von der Auferstehung». Theologische Literaturzeitung 77 (1952): 533-536.
Bultmann, R. Die Geschichte der synoptischen Tradition. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1961.
Carlston, Ch. «Wisdom and Eschatology in Q». In J. Delobel ed. Logia: Les Paroles de Jésus = The Sayings of Jesus: Memorial Joseph Coppens, 101-119. Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1982.
Cavallin, H.C.C. Life after Death: Paul’s Argument for the Resurrection of the Dead in 1 Cor 15. Lund: Gleerup, 1974.
Cavallin, H.C.C. «Leben nach dem Tode im Spätjudentum und im frühen Christentum. I: Spätjudentum». Aufstieg und Niedergang der romischen Welt II, 1, Vol 19 (1979): 240-345.
Charlesworth, J.H. ed. The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha. Vol. I Apocalyptic Literature and Testaments. Vol. II Expansions of the «Old Testament» and Legends, Wisdom and Philosophical Literature, Prayers, Psalsm and Odes, Fragments of Lost Judeo-Hellenistic Works. London: Darton, Longman and Todd, 1985.
Charlesworth, J.H. ed. Resurrection: the Origin and Future of a Biblical Doctrine. New York: T and T Clark, 2006.
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Collins, A.Y. Mark: A Commentary. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2007.
Cullmann, O. Immortalité de l’âme ou Résurrection des Morts. Le Témoignage du Nouveau Testament. Paris: Delachaux and Niestle, 1956.
E. Schillebeeckx. Jesus: An Experiment in Christology. New York: Seabury Press, 1979.
Fascher, E. «Anastasis, Resurrectio, Auferstehung». Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft 40 (1941): 166-229.
Fitzmyer, J.A. The Gospel according to Luke. New York: Doubleday, 1981-1985.
García Martínez, F. «The Apocalyptic Interpretation of Ezekiel in the Dead Sea Scrolls». In F. García Martínez – M. Vervenne eds. Interpreting Translations: Studies on the LXX and Ezekiel in Honour of Johan Lust. Leuven: Leuven University Press, 2005, 163-176.
Gard, D.H. «The concept of the future life according to the Greek translation of the Book of Job». Journal of Biblical Literature 73 (1959): 137-143.
Goodenough, E.R. Jewish Symbols in the Graeco-Roman Period. New York: Pantheon Books, 1953-1968.
Hoffmann, P. Die Toten in Christus. Eine religionsgeschichtliche und exegetische Untersuchung zur paulinischen Eschatologie. Münster: Aschendorff, 1966.
Hoffmann, P. «Auferstehung. I/3: Im Neuen Testament». Theologische Realenzyklopädie 4 (1979/1993): 450-467.
Hoherseil, K. «Apollonius von Tyana». Lexikon für Theologie und Kirche 1 (1993): 831-832.
Hultgard, A. L’Éschatologie des Testaments des Douze Patriarches. Stockholm: Uppsala Universitet, 1977-1981.
Hultgren, A.J. Jesus and His Adversaries: the Form and Function of the Conflict Stories in the Synoptic Tradition. Minneapolis: Augsburg Publishing House, 1979.
Josephus. Jewish Antiquities. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1967.
Josephus. The Jewish War. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997.
Kaminsky, J.-Stewart, A. «God of All the World: Universalism and Developing Monotheism in Isaiah 40-66». Harvard Theological Review 2, Vol. 99 (2006): 139-163.
Kegel, G. Auferstehung Jesu – Auferstehung der Toten. Eine traditionsgeschichtliche Untersuchung zum Neuen Testament. Gütersloh: Gerd Mohn 1970.
Kilgallen, J.J. «The Sadducees and Resurrection from the Dead». Biblica 67 (1976):487-495.
Kittel, R. ed. Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 1990.
Kloppenborg, J.S. The Formation of Q. Trajectories in Ancient Wisdom Collections. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1987.
Kloppenborg, J.S. «Symbolic Eschatology and the Apocalypticism of Q». Harvard Theological Review 3, Vol. 80 (1987): 287-306.
Kloppenborg, J.S. «‘Easter Faith’ and the Sayings Gospel Q». Semeia 49 (1990): 71-100.
Koester, H. Ancient Christian Gospels: their History and Development. London: SCM Press, 1990.
Koester, H. From Jesus to the Gospels. Interpreting the New Testament in Its Context. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2007.
Kremer, J. «Auferstehung. IV: Im Neuen Testament». Lexikon für Theologie und Kirche 1, 1195-1998. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1993.
Kvanvig, H.S. The Roots of Apocalyptic. The Mesopotamian Background of the Enoch Figure and of the Son of Man. Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1988.
Lauterbach, J.Z. tr. Mekilta de-Rabbi Ishmael. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1976.
Levenson, J.D. Resurrection and the Restoration of Israel. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006.
Luz, U. Das Evangelium nach Matthäus. Zürich: Benziger, 1985-2002.
Marcus, J. «The Gates of Hades and the Keys of the Kingdom (Matt 16:18.19)». Catholic Biblical Quarterly 50 (1988): 443-455.
Marcus, J. Mark: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. New York: Doubleday, 2000-2009.
Martin-Achard, R. De la Mort à la Résurrection, d’après l’Ancien Testament. Neuchâtel : Delachaux et Niestlé, 1956.
Martin-Achard, M. «Résurrection (A.T., Judaïsme)». Dictionnaire Biblique Supplement X. Paris: Letouzey et Ané, 1985.
Meier, J.P. A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus. New York: Doubleday, 1991-2009.
Meier, J.P. «The Debate on the Resurrection of the Dead: an Incident from the Ministry of the Historical Jesus?». Journal for the Study of the New Testament 77 (2000): 3-24.
Michel, O. «Zur Lehre vom Todes schlaf». Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft 35 (1936): 285-290.
Milikowski, C. «Which Gehenna? Retribution and Eschatology in the Synoptic Gospels and in Early Jewish Texts». New Testament Studies 34 (1988): 238-249.
Millar, W.R. Isaiah 24-27 and the Origin of Apocalyptic. Cambridge: Scholars Press for the Harvard Semitic Museum, 1976.
Neusner, J. tr. Tractate Sanhedrin. Chico: Scholars Press, 1984.
Nickelsburg, G.W.E. Resurrection, Immortality, and Eternal Life in Intertestamental Judaism and Early Christianity. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006.
Perkins, P. Resurrection: New Testament Witnesses and Contemporary Reflection. Garden City: Doubleday, 1984.
Pesch, R. Jesu ureigene Taten? Ein Beitrag zur Wunderfrage. Freiburg: Herder, 1970.
Pesch, R. Das Markusevangelium. Freiburg: Herder, 1976-1977.
Philostratus, The Life of Apollonius of Tyana. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 2005-2006.
Planas, F. «En el seno de Abraham». Cuaderno Bíblico 15 (1958): 148-152.
Puech, É. La Croyance des Essèniens en la Vie Future : Immortalité, Résurrection, Vie Éternelle ? Histoire d’une Croyance dans le Judaïsme Ancien. Paris: J. Gabalda et compagnie, 1993.
Rahlfs, A. Septuaginta, id est Vetus Testamentum graece iuxta LXX interpretes edidit Alfred Rahlfs. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 1979.
Raphael, S.P. Jewish Views of the Afterlife. North Vale: J. Aronson, 1994.
Rigaux, B. Dieu l’a Ressucité. Exégése et Théologie Biblique. Gembloux: Duculot, 1973.
Robinson, J.M. – Hoffmann, P. – Kloppenborg, J. S. eds. The Critical Edition of Q: Synopsis Including the Gospels of Matthew and Luke, Mark and Thomas with English, German, and French Translations of Q and Thomas. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2000.
Robinson, J.M. – Koester, H. Trajectories through Early Christianity. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1971.
Rochais, G. Les Récits de Résurrection des Morts dans le Nouveau Testament. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980.
Rowland, Ch. The Open Heaven: A Study of Apocalyptic in Judaism and Early Christianity. New York: Crossroad, 1982.
Sabugal, S. Anastasis: Resucitó y Resucitaremos. Madrid: BAC, 1993.
Schaper, J. Eschatology in the Greek Psalter. Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr, 1995.
Schnackenburg, R. «Zur Aussageweise ‘Jesu (von der Toten) auferstanden». Biblische Zeitschrift 13 (1969): 10-11.
Schulz, S. Q- Die Spruchquelle der Evangelisten. Zürich: Theologischer Verlag, 1972.
Schürmann, H. «Beobachtungen zum Menschensohn-Titel in der Redequelle». In R. Pesch – R. Schnackenburg eds. Jesus und der Menschensohn: für Anton Vögtle, 124-197. Freisburg im Bresgau: Herder, 1975.
Schwankl, O. Die Sadduzäerfrage (Mark 12, 18-27 parr): eine exegetisch-theologische Studie zur Auferstehungserwartung. Frankfurt am Main: Athenäum, 1987.
Senior, D. Matthew. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1998.
Spittler, R.P. «The Testament of Job: A History of Research and Interpretation». In M.A. Knibb – P.W. van der Horst (eds.), Studies on the Testament of Job, 7-32. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
Spronk, K. Beatific Afterlife in Ancient Israel and in the Ancient Near East. Neukirchen-Vluyn, Neukirchener Verlag, 1986.
Stemberger, G. «Auferstehung. I/2: Judentum». Theologische Realenzyklopädie 4 (1979/1993): 441-450.
Strack, H.L. –Billerbeck, P. Kommentar zum Neuen Testament aus Talmud und Midrasch. Munich: CH Beck, 1926-1956.
Torres Queiruga, A. Repensar la Resurrección. La Diferencia Cristiana en la Continuidad de las Religiones y de la Cultura. Madrid: Trotta, 2003.
Tournay, R. «Relectures bibliques concernants la vie future et l’angélologie». Révue Biblique 69 (1962): 489-495.
Vanderkam, J.M. An Introduction to Early Judaism. Grand Rapids: William Eerdmands Publishing Company, 2001.
Woschitz, K.M. Parabiblica. Studien zur jüdischen Literatur in der hellenistisch-römischen Epoche. Vienna: LIT Verlag, 2005.
Wright, N.T. «Resurrection in Q?». In D.G. Horrell – Ch. M. Tuckett eds. Christology, Controversy and Community: New Testament Essays in Honour of David R. Catchpole, 85-97. Leiden: Brill, 2000.
Wright, N.T. La Resurrección del Hijo de Dios. Los Orígenes Cristianos y la Cuestión de Dios. Estella: Verbo Divino, 2008.
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Berger, K. Die Auferstehung des Propheten und die Erhöhung des Menschensohnes: Traditionsgeschichtliche Untersuchung zur Deutung des Geschickes Jesu in frühchristlichen Testen. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1976.
Blanco, C. A. «Hipótesis principales sobre el origen de la idea de resurrección de los muertos en el judaísmo», Estudios bíblicos 4, Vol. 68 (2010): 429-472.
Blanco, C. Why Resurrection? An Introduction to the Belief in the Afterlife in Judaism and Christianity. Eugene: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2011.
Blanco, C. «La escatología apocalíptica y sus posibles influjos exógenos». Cristianesimo nella storia 2, Vol. 32 (2011): 501-525.
Blanco, C. El pensamiento de la apocalíptica judía. Ensayo filosófico-teológico. Madrid: Editorial Trotta, 2013.
Blanco Pérez, C.A. «Resurrección, apocalíptica, historia: emergencia y desarrollo de la idea de resurrección en el judaísmo del II Templo». Excerpta e Dissertationibus in Sacra Theologia 3, Vol. LX (2013): 188-275.
Blenkinsopp, J. Judaism. The First Phase: The Place of Ezra and Nehemiah in the Origins of Judaism. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2009.
Bovon, F. Das Evangelium nach Lukas. Zürich: Benziger Verlag, 1989-2009.
Bovon, F. «The Soul’s Comeback: Immortality and Resurrection in Early Christianity». Harvard Theological Review 4, Vol. 103 (2010): 387-406.
Braun, H. «Zur Terminologie der Acta von der Auferstehung». Theologische Literaturzeitung 77 (1952): 533-536.
Bultmann, R. Die Geschichte der synoptischen Tradition. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, 1961.
Carlston, Ch. «Wisdom and Eschatology in Q». In J. Delobel ed. Logia: Les Paroles de Jésus = The Sayings of Jesus: Memorial Joseph Coppens, 101-119. Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1982.
Cavallin, H.C.C. Life after Death: Paul’s Argument for the Resurrection of the Dead in 1 Cor 15. Lund: Gleerup, 1974.
Cavallin, H.C.C. «Leben nach dem Tode im Spätjudentum und im frühen Christentum. I: Spätjudentum». Aufstieg und Niedergang der romischen Welt II, 1, Vol 19 (1979): 240-345.
Charlesworth, J.H. ed. The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha. Vol. I Apocalyptic Literature and Testaments. Vol. II Expansions of the «Old Testament» and Legends, Wisdom and Philosophical Literature, Prayers, Psalsm and Odes, Fragments of Lost Judeo-Hellenistic Works. London: Darton, Longman and Todd, 1985.
Charlesworth, J.H. ed. Resurrection: the Origin and Future of a Biblical Doctrine. New York: T and T Clark, 2006.
Clark-Soles, J. Death and the Afterlife in the New Testament. New York: T and T Clark, 2006.
Coh-Sherbok, D.M. «Jesus’ Defense of the Resurrection of the Dead». Journal of the Study of the New Testament 11 (1981): 64-73.
Collins, A.Y. «Review of The Open Heaven: A Study of Apocalyptic in Judaism and Early Christianity». Journal of Biblical Literature 3, Vol. 103 (1984): 465-467.
Collins, A.Y. Mark: A Commentary. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2007.
Cullmann, O. Immortalité de l’âme ou Résurrection des Morts. Le Témoignage du Nouveau Testament. Paris: Delachaux and Niestle, 1956.
E. Schillebeeckx. Jesus: An Experiment in Christology. New York: Seabury Press, 1979.
Fascher, E. «Anastasis, Resurrectio, Auferstehung». Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft 40 (1941): 166-229.
Fitzmyer, J.A. The Gospel according to Luke. New York: Doubleday, 1981-1985.
García Martínez, F. «The Apocalyptic Interpretation of Ezekiel in the Dead Sea Scrolls». In F. García Martínez – M. Vervenne eds. Interpreting Translations: Studies on the LXX and Ezekiel in Honour of Johan Lust. Leuven: Leuven University Press, 2005, 163-176.
Gard, D.H. «The concept of the future life according to the Greek translation of the Book of Job». Journal of Biblical Literature 73 (1959): 137-143.
Goodenough, E.R. Jewish Symbols in the Graeco-Roman Period. New York: Pantheon Books, 1953-1968.
Hoffmann, P. Die Toten in Christus. Eine religionsgeschichtliche und exegetische Untersuchung zur paulinischen Eschatologie. Münster: Aschendorff, 1966.
Hoffmann, P. «Auferstehung. I/3: Im Neuen Testament». Theologische Realenzyklopädie 4 (1979/1993): 450-467.
Hoherseil, K. «Apollonius von Tyana». Lexikon für Theologie und Kirche 1 (1993): 831-832.
Hultgard, A. L’Éschatologie des Testaments des Douze Patriarches. Stockholm: Uppsala Universitet, 1977-1981.
Hultgren, A.J. Jesus and His Adversaries: the Form and Function of the Conflict Stories in the Synoptic Tradition. Minneapolis: Augsburg Publishing House, 1979.
Josephus. Jewish Antiquities. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1967.
Josephus. The Jewish War. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997.
Kaminsky, J.-Stewart, A. «God of All the World: Universalism and Developing Monotheism in Isaiah 40-66». Harvard Theological Review 2, Vol. 99 (2006): 139-163.
Kegel, G. Auferstehung Jesu – Auferstehung der Toten. Eine traditionsgeschichtliche Untersuchung zum Neuen Testament. Gütersloh: Gerd Mohn 1970.
Kilgallen, J.J. «The Sadducees and Resurrection from the Dead». Biblica 67 (1976):487-495.
Kittel, R. ed. Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 1990.
Kloppenborg, J.S. The Formation of Q. Trajectories in Ancient Wisdom Collections. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1987.
Kloppenborg, J.S. «Symbolic Eschatology and the Apocalypticism of Q». Harvard Theological Review 3, Vol. 80 (1987): 287-306.
Kloppenborg, J.S. «‘Easter Faith’ and the Sayings Gospel Q». Semeia 49 (1990): 71-100.
Koester, H. Ancient Christian Gospels: their History and Development. London: SCM Press, 1990.
Koester, H. From Jesus to the Gospels. Interpreting the New Testament in Its Context. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2007.
Kremer, J. «Auferstehung. IV: Im Neuen Testament». Lexikon für Theologie und Kirche 1, 1195-1998. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1993.
Kvanvig, H.S. The Roots of Apocalyptic. The Mesopotamian Background of the Enoch Figure and of the Son of Man. Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1988.
Lauterbach, J.Z. tr. Mekilta de-Rabbi Ishmael. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1976.
Levenson, J.D. Resurrection and the Restoration of Israel. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006.
Luz, U. Das Evangelium nach Matthäus. Zürich: Benziger, 1985-2002.
Marcus, J. «The Gates of Hades and the Keys of the Kingdom (Matt 16:18.19)». Catholic Biblical Quarterly 50 (1988): 443-455.
Marcus, J. Mark: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. New York: Doubleday, 2000-2009.
Martin-Achard, R. De la Mort à la Résurrection, d’après l’Ancien Testament. Neuchâtel : Delachaux et Niestlé, 1956.
Martin-Achard, M. «Résurrection (A.T., Judaïsme)». Dictionnaire Biblique Supplement X. Paris: Letouzey et Ané, 1985.
Meier, J.P. A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus. New York: Doubleday, 1991-2009.
Meier, J.P. «The Debate on the Resurrection of the Dead: an Incident from the Ministry of the Historical Jesus?». Journal for the Study of the New Testament 77 (2000): 3-24.
Michel, O. «Zur Lehre vom Todes schlaf». Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft 35 (1936): 285-290.
Milikowski, C. «Which Gehenna? Retribution and Eschatology in the Synoptic Gospels and in Early Jewish Texts». New Testament Studies 34 (1988): 238-249.
Millar, W.R. Isaiah 24-27 and the Origin of Apocalyptic. Cambridge: Scholars Press for the Harvard Semitic Museum, 1976.
Neusner, J. tr. Tractate Sanhedrin. Chico: Scholars Press, 1984.
Nickelsburg, G.W.E. Resurrection, Immortality, and Eternal Life in Intertestamental Judaism and Early Christianity. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006.
Perkins, P. Resurrection: New Testament Witnesses and Contemporary Reflection. Garden City: Doubleday, 1984.
Pesch, R. Jesu ureigene Taten? Ein Beitrag zur Wunderfrage. Freiburg: Herder, 1970.
Pesch, R. Das Markusevangelium. Freiburg: Herder, 1976-1977.
Philostratus, The Life of Apollonius of Tyana. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 2005-2006.
Planas, F. «En el seno de Abraham». Cuaderno Bíblico 15 (1958): 148-152.
Puech, É. La Croyance des Essèniens en la Vie Future : Immortalité, Résurrection, Vie Éternelle ? Histoire d’une Croyance dans le Judaïsme Ancien. Paris: J. Gabalda et compagnie, 1993.
Rahlfs, A. Septuaginta, id est Vetus Testamentum graece iuxta LXX interpretes edidit Alfred Rahlfs. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, 1979.
Raphael, S.P. Jewish Views of the Afterlife. North Vale: J. Aronson, 1994.
Rigaux, B. Dieu l’a Ressucité. Exégése et Théologie Biblique. Gembloux: Duculot, 1973.
Robinson, J.M. – Hoffmann, P. – Kloppenborg, J. S. eds. The Critical Edition of Q: Synopsis Including the Gospels of Matthew and Luke, Mark and Thomas with English, German, and French Translations of Q and Thomas. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2000.
Robinson, J.M. – Koester, H. Trajectories through Early Christianity. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1971.
Rochais, G. Les Récits de Résurrection des Morts dans le Nouveau Testament. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980.
Rowland, Ch. The Open Heaven: A Study of Apocalyptic in Judaism and Early Christianity. New York: Crossroad, 1982.
Sabugal, S. Anastasis: Resucitó y Resucitaremos. Madrid: BAC, 1993.
Schaper, J. Eschatology in the Greek Psalter. Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr, 1995.
Schnackenburg, R. «Zur Aussageweise ‘Jesu (von der Toten) auferstanden». Biblische Zeitschrift 13 (1969): 10-11.
Schulz, S. Q- Die Spruchquelle der Evangelisten. Zürich: Theologischer Verlag, 1972.
Schürmann, H. «Beobachtungen zum Menschensohn-Titel in der Redequelle». In R. Pesch – R. Schnackenburg eds. Jesus und der Menschensohn: für Anton Vögtle, 124-197. Freisburg im Bresgau: Herder, 1975.
Schwankl, O. Die Sadduzäerfrage (Mark 12, 18-27 parr): eine exegetisch-theologische Studie zur Auferstehungserwartung. Frankfurt am Main: Athenäum, 1987.
Senior, D. Matthew. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1998.
Spittler, R.P. «The Testament of Job: A History of Research and Interpretation». In M.A. Knibb – P.W. van der Horst (eds.), Studies on the Testament of Job, 7-32. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
Spronk, K. Beatific Afterlife in Ancient Israel and in the Ancient Near East. Neukirchen-Vluyn, Neukirchener Verlag, 1986.
Stemberger, G. «Auferstehung. I/2: Judentum». Theologische Realenzyklopädie 4 (1979/1993): 441-450.
Strack, H.L. –Billerbeck, P. Kommentar zum Neuen Testament aus Talmud und Midrasch. Munich: CH Beck, 1926-1956.
Torres Queiruga, A. Repensar la Resurrección. La Diferencia Cristiana en la Continuidad de las Religiones y de la Cultura. Madrid: Trotta, 2003.
Tournay, R. «Relectures bibliques concernants la vie future et l’angélologie». Révue Biblique 69 (1962): 489-495.
Vanderkam, J.M. An Introduction to Early Judaism. Grand Rapids: William Eerdmands Publishing Company, 2001.
Woschitz, K.M. Parabiblica. Studien zur jüdischen Literatur in der hellenistisch-römischen Epoche. Vienna: LIT Verlag, 2005.
Wright, N.T. «Resurrection in Q?». In D.G. Horrell – Ch. M. Tuckett eds. Christology, Controversy and Community: New Testament Essays in Honour of David R. Catchpole, 85-97. Leiden: Brill, 2000.
Wright, N.T. La Resurrección del Hijo de Dios. Los Orígenes Cristianos y la Cuestión de Dios. Estella: Verbo Divino, 2008.
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