¿La valencia emocional modifica la eficiencia de la atención y la memoria de trabajo con la edad?: Una revisión descriptiva
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Elissa López-González
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Ulises Caballero-Sánchez
Talía V. Román-López
Mónica Méndez-Díaz
Oscar E. Prospero-García
Alejandra Evelyn Ruiz Contreras
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López-González, E., Caballero-Sánchez, U., Román-López, T. V., Méndez-Díaz, M., Prospero-García, O. E., & Ruiz Contreras, A. E. (2023). ¿La valencia emocional modifica la eficiencia de la atención y la memoria de trabajo con la edad?: Una revisión descriptiva. Psychologia, 17(2), 13–27. https://doi.org/10.21500/19002386.6184 (Original work published 1 de junio de 2023)
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Resumen
Conforme pasa la edad, se reportan varios cambios funcionales, anatómicos y conductuales en funciones cognitivas, como la atención y memoria de trabajo. Sin embargo, parece que la valencia emocional de los estímulos tiene un efecto en el procesamiento de información. El objetivo de la presente revisión es exponer la hipótesis de que los mecanismos atencionales de amplificación de información relevante y supresión de información irrelevante repercuten sobre la eficiencia en la memoria de trabajo, y proponer que estos mecanismos pudieran ser vulnerables al efecto de la valencia emocional de los estímulos. En esta revisión se expondrán los diferentes modelos de atención que permitan comprender el concepto de filtrado de la información para realizar tareas de competencia emocional. También, se discutirá el efecto de los distractores neutros y con valencia emocional sobre la eficiencia en la memoria de trabajo, contrastando la evidencia existente entre adultos jóvenes vs. adultos mayores. Finalmente, se plantea la hipótesis de los mecanismos atencionales y su impacto en la memoria de trabajo. Hasta donde es nuestro conocimiento, se desconoce cómo cambian estos mecanismos atencionales a lo largo de la vida adulta, cómo la valencia emocional impacta estos mecanismos y, potencialmente, la eficiencia de la memoria de trabajo. Los adultos mayores presentan una disminución en el mecanismo de supresión en comparación con los jóvenes, efecto no observado para el mecanismo de amplificación. Conforme la edad avanza, la valencia emocional impacta diferencialmente la captura atencional. Se presume que los cambios tanto en los mecanismos atencionales como en la valencia emocional tienen un potencial efecto sobre la memoria de trabajo.
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