Relationship Between Gender and Performance on Emotion Perception Tasks in a Latino Population
Authors
Alvaro Cavieres
Perfil Google Scholar
Rocío Maldonado
Amy Bland
Rebecca Elliott
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Cavieres, A., Maldonado, R. ., Bland, A. ., & Elliott, R. . (2021). Relationship Between Gender and Performance on Emotion Perception Tasks in a Latino Population. International Journal of Psychological Research, 14(1), 106–114. https://doi.org/10.21500/20112084.5032
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To give up copyright, the authors allow that, International Journal of Psychological Research, distribute the work more broadly, check for the reuse by others and take care of the necessary procedures for the registration and administration of copyright; at the same time, our editorial board represents the interests of the author and allows authors to re-use his work in various forms. In response to the above, authors transfer copyright to the journal, International Journal of Psychological Research. This transfer does not imply other rights which are not those of authorship (for example those that concern about patents). Likewise, preserves the authors rights to use the work integral or partially in lectures, books and courses, as well as make copies for educational purposes. Finally, the authors may use freely the tables and figures in its future work, wherever make explicit reference to the previous publication in International Journal of Psychological Research. The assignment of copyright includes both virtual rights and forms of the article to allow the editorial to disseminate the work in the manner which it deems appropriate.
The editorial board reserves the right of amendments deemed necessary in the application of the rules of publication.
Abstract
Basic emotions are universally recognized, although differences across cultures and between genders have been described. We report results in two emotion recognition tasks, in a sample of healthy adults from Chile. Methods: 192 volunteers (mean 31.58 years, s.d. 8.36; 106 women) completed the Emotional Recognition Task, in which they were asked to identify a briefly displayed emotion, and the Emotional Intensity Morphing Task, in which they viewed faces with increasing or decreasing emotional intensity and indicated when they either detected or no longer detected the emotion. Results: All emotions were recognized at above chance levels. The only sex differences present showed men performed better at identifying anger (p = .0485), and responded more slowly to fear (p = .0057), than women. Discussion: These findings are consistent with some, though not all, prior literature on emotion perception. Crucially, we report data on emotional perception in a healthy adult Latino population for the first time, which contributes to emerging literature on cultural differences in affective processing.
Keywords:
References
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Calder, A. J., Rowland, D., Young, A. W., Nimmo-Smith, I., Keane, J., & Perrett, D. I. (2000). Caricaturing facial expressions. Cognition, 76 (2), 105–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-0277(00)00074-3.
Calvo, M. G., & Lundqvist, D. (2008). Facial expressions of emotion (KDEF): Identification under different display-duration conditions. Behavior Research Methods, 40 (1), 109–115. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.1.109.
Calvo, M. G., & Nummenmaa, L. (2009). Eye-movement assessment of the time course in facial expression recognition: Neurophysiological implications. Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience, 9 (4), 398–411.https://doi.org/10.3758/CABN.9.4.398.
Campbell, R., Elgar, K., Kuntsi, J., Akers, R., Terstegge, J., Coleman, M., & Skuse, D. (2002). The classification of “fear” from faces is associated with face recognition skill in women. Neuropsychologia, 40 (6), 575–584. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0028-3932(01)00164-6.
Cordaro, D. T., Sun, R., Kamble, S., Hodder, N., Monroy, M., Cowen, A., Bai, Y., & Keltner, D. (2019). The Recognition of 18 Facial-Bodily Expressions Across Nine Cultures. Emotion, 20 (7), 1292–1300. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000576.
Deaux, K., & Major, B. (1987). Putting Gender Into Context: An Interactive Model of Gender-Related Behavior. Psychological Review, 94 (3), 369–389. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.94.3.369.
Delicato, L. S. (2020). A robust method for measuring an individual’s sensitivity to facial expressions. Attention, Perception, and Psychophysics, 82 (6), 2924–2936. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-020-02043-w.
Derogatis, L. R. (1983). The Brief Symptom Inventory: An Introductory Report. Psychological Medicine, 13 (3), 595–605. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291700048017.
de Souza, L. C., Bertoux, M., de Faria, Â. R. V., Corgosinho, L. T. S., Prado, A. C. D. A., Barbosa, I. G., Caramelli, P., Colosimo, E., & Teixeira, A. L. (2018). The effects of gender, age, schooling, and cultural background on the identification of facial emotions: A transcultural study. International Psychogeriatrics, 30 (12), 1861–1870. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610218000443.
Donges, U., Kersting, A., & Suslow, T. (2012). Women’s greater ability to perceive happy facial emotion automatically: Gender differences in affective priming. PLoS ONE, 7 (7), e41745. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0041745.
Dores, A. R., Barbosa, F., Queirós, C., Carvalho, I. P., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). Recognizing emotions through facial expressions: A largescale experimental study. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17 (20), Article 7420. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207420.
Ekman, P. (1972). Universals and Cultural Differences in Facial Expressions of Emotion. In J. Cole (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation (Vol. 19) (pp. 207-282). University of Nebraska Press.
Elfenbein, H. A., & Ambady, N. (2002). On the universality and cultural specificity of emotion recognition: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 128 (2), 203–235. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.128.2.203.
Engelmann, J. B., & Pogosyan, M. (2013). Emotion perception across cultures: The role of cognitive mechanisms. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, Article 118. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00118.
Fiorentini, C., Schmidt, S., & Viviani, P. (2012). The identification of unfolding facial expressions. Perception, 41 (5), 532–555. https://doi.org/10.1068/p7052.
Fischer, A. H., Kret, M. E., & Broekens, J. (2018). Gender differences in emotion perception and selfreported emotional intelligence: A test of the emotion sensitivity hypothesis. PLoSONE, 13 (1), e0190712. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190712.
Forni-Santos, L., & Osório, F. L. (2015). Influence of gender in the recognition of basic facial expressions: A critical literature review. World Journal of Psychiatry, 5 (3), 342–351. https://doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v5.i3.342.
Gery, I., Miljkovitch, R., Berthoz, S., & Soussignan, R. (2009). Empathy and recognition of facial expressions of emotion in sex offenders, non-sex offenders and normal controls. Psychiatry Research, 165 (3), 252–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2007.11.006.
Hall, J. A., Carter, J. D., & Horgan, T. G. (2000). Gender differences in nonverbal communication of emotion. In A. Fischer (Ed.), Gender and Emotion (pp. 97117). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511628191.006.
Hall, J. A., & Matsumoto, D. (2004). Gender differences in judgments of multiple emotions from facial expressions. Emotion, 4 (2), 201–206. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.4.2.201.
Hall, J. K., Hutton, S. B., & Morgan, M. J. (2010). Sex differences in scanning faces: Does attention to the eyes explain female superiority in facial expression recognition? Cognition and Emotion, 24 (4), 629–637. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930902906882.
Hampson, E., van Anders, S. M., & Mullin, L. I. (2006). A female advantage in the recognition of emotional facial expressions: Test of an evolutionary hypothesis. Evolution and Human Behavior, 27 (6), 401–416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2006.05.002.
Hertenstein, M. J., & Campos, J. J. (2004). The retention effects of an adult’s emotional displays on infant behavior. Child Development, 75 (2), 595–613. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00695.x.
Hess, U., Blairy, S., & Kleck, R. E. (1997). The intensity of emotional facial expressions and decoding accuracy. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 21 (4), 241–257. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024952730333.
Hoffmann, H., Kessler, H., Eppel, T., Rukavina, S., & Traue, H. C. (2010). Expression intensity, gender and facial emotion recognition: Women recognize only subtle facial emotions better than men. Acta Psychologica, 135 (3), 278–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2010.07.012.
Jack, R. E., Blais, C., Scheepers, C., Schyns, P. G., & Caldara, R. (2009). Cultural Confusions Show that Facial Expressions Are Not Universal. Current Biology, 19 (18), 1543–1548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2009.07.051.
Johnson, S. A., Stout, J. C., Solomon, A. C., Langbehn, D. R., Aylward, E. H., Cruce, C. B., Ross, C. A., Nance, M., Kayson, E., Julian-Baros, E., Hayden, M. R., Kieburtz, K., Guttman, M., Oakes, D., Shoulson, I., Beglinger, L., Duff, K., Penziner, E., & Paulsen, J. S. (2007). Beyond disgust: Impaired recognition of negative emotions prior to diagnosis in Huntington’s disease. Brain, 130 (7), 1732–1744. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awm107.
Kret, M. E., & de Gelder, B. (2012). A review on sex differences in processing emotional signals. Neuropsychologia, 50 (7), 1211–1221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.12.022.
Lee, T. M. C., Liu, H. L., Chan, C. C. H., Fang, S. Y., & Gao, J. H. (2005). Neural activities associated with emotion recognition observed in men and women. Molecular Psychiatry, 10 (5), 450–455. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4001595.
Leppänen, J. M., & Hietanen, J. K. (2004). Positive facial expressions are recognized faster than negative facial expressions, but why? Psychological Research, 69 (1–2), 22–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-003-0157-2.
Marsh, A. A., Kozak, M. N., & Ambady, N. (2007). Accurate identification of fear facial expressions predicts prosocial behavior. Emotion, 7 (2), 239–251. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.7.2.239.
Mishra, M. V., Ray, S. B., & Srinivasan, N. (2018). Crosscultural emotion recognition and evaluation of Radboud faces database with an Indian sample. PLoS ONE, 13 (10), e0203959. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0203959.
Montagne, B., Kessels, R. P. C., Frigerio, E., de Haan, E. H. F., & Perrett, D. I. (2005). Sex differences in the perception of affective facial expressions: Do men really lack emotional sensitivity? Cognitive Processing, 6 (2), 136–141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-005-0050-6.
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