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De Sanctis, F., & Mesurado, B. (2022). Attachment Style and Empathy in Late children, Adolescents, and Adults: Meta-analytic Review. International Journal of Psychological Research, 15(2), 114–129. https://doi.org/10.21500/20112084.5409
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To give up copyright, the authors allow that, International Journal of Psychological Research, distribute the work more broadly, check for the reuse by others and take care of the necessary procedures for the registration and administration of copyright; at the same time, our editorial board represents the interests of the author and allows authors to re-use his work in various forms. In response to the above, authors transfer copyright to the journal, International Journal of Psychological Research. This transfer does not imply other rights which are not those of authorship (for example those that concern about patents). Likewise, preserves the authors rights to use the work integral or partially in lectures, books and courses, as well as make copies for educational purposes. Finally, the authors may use freely the tables and figures in its future work, wherever make explicit reference to the previous publication in International Journal of Psychological Research. The assignment of copyright includes both virtual rights and forms of the article to allow the editorial to disseminate the work in the manner which it deems appropriate.
The editorial board reserves the right of amendments deemed necessary in the application of the rules of publication.
Abstract
Attachment has a fundamental role in the development of empathy, which helps people interact with others and prevents aggressive behaviors. It is believed that having a secure attachment can promote empathy. However, there is no clear evidence about the relationship between insecure attachment styles and empathy. Therefore, a meta-analysis was performed to clarify the relation between different types of attachment and empathy from late children to adults (9-47 years). It was conducted using 14 studies (11542 participants) for the secure attachment, 7 studies (3115 participants) for the avoidant, and 8 studies (3479 participants) for the anxious-ambivalent.
Results indicated that secure attachment was positively correlated with empathy, avoidant attachment was negatively correlated, and anxious-ambivalent attachment had an inconclusive relationship. Whereas the results obtained for the secure and avoidant attachment with empathy are consistent with literature, the inconsistencies in anxious-ambivalent style may be due to a duality of feelings experienced by these individuals, who go from high levels of empathy (to be accepted) to low levels of empathy (to avoid distressing emotions).
We suggest broadening the limit in age, include the multidirectional nature of empathy, as well as the effect of gender and different sorts of affiliations (parents, couples) for future studies.
References
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Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of Attachment: A Psychological Study of the Strange Situation. Lawrence Erlbaum.
Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. N. (2015). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Psychology Press.
Amiri, S., & Jamali, Y. (2019). The Mediating Role of Empathy and Emotion Regulation in Attachment Styles and Dark Personality Traits in Adolescents. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 25 (3), 292–307.
Ardenghi, S., Rampoldi, G., Bani, M., & Strepparava, M. G. (2020). Attachment styles as predictors of self-reported empathy in medical students during pre-clinical years. Patient education and counseling, 103 (5), 965–970. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2019.11.004
Armsden, G. C., & Greenberg, M. T. (1987). The inventory of parent and peer attachment: Individual differences and their relationship to psychological well-being in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 16 (5), 427–454. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02202939
Balluerka, N., Lacasa, F., Gorostiaga, A., Muela, A., & Pierrehumbert, B. (2011). Versión reducida del cuestionario CaMir (CaMir-R) para la evaluación del apego. Psicothema, 486–494.
Baron-Cohen, S., & Wheelwright, S. (2004). The Empathy Quotient: An Investigation of Adults with Asperger Syndrome or High Functioning Autism, and Normal Sex Differences. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34 (2), 163–175. https://doi.org/10.1023/b:jadd.0000022607.19833.00
Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61 (2), 226–244. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.61.2.226
Boag, E. M., & Carnelley, K. B. (2016). Attachment and prejudice: The mediating role of empathy. Br J Soc Psychol, 55 (2), 337–356. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12132
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L., Higgins, J., & Rothstein, H. (2004). CMA 2.0 (version 2.0). [Computer Software]. Comprehensive Meta Analysis CMA.
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P., & Rothstein, H. R. (2010). A basic introduction to fixed effect
and random effects models for meta-analysis. Research Synthesis Methods, 1, 97–111. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrsm.12
Bosmans, G., & Kerns, K. A. (2015). Attachment in middle childhood: Progress and prospects. New directions for child and adolescent development, 2015 (148), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1002/cad.20100
Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and Loss (Vol. 1). Attachment. Basic Books.
Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and Loss (Vol. 2). Separation-Anxiety; Anger. Basic Books.
Brennan, K. A., Clark, C. L., & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Self-report measurement of adult attachment: An integrative overview. In J. A. Simpson & W.
S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. 46–76). The Guilford Press.
Burnette, J. L., Davis, D. E., Green, J. D., Worthington, E. L., & Bradfield, E. (2009). Insecure attachment and depressive symptoms: The mediating role of rumination, empathy, and forgiveness. Personality and Individual Differences, 46 (3), 276–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.10.016
Cohen, D., & Strayer, J. (1996). Empathy in conduct disordered and comparison youth. Developmental Psychology, 32 (6), 988–998. https://doi.org/10.1037//0012-1649.32.6.988
Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44 (1), 113–126. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.44.1.113
Delhaye, M., Kempenaers, C., Stroobants, R., Goossens, L., & Linkowski, P. (2013). Attachment and socio-emotional skills: A comparison of depressed inpatients, institutionalized delinquents and control adolescents. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 20 (5), 424–433. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.1787
Feeney, J. A., Noller, P., & Hanrahan, M. (1994). Attachment Style Questionnaire [Database record]. PsycTESTS Dataset. https://doi.org/10.1037/t29439-000
Finzi-Dottan, A. R., Finzi, R., Cohen, O., Sapir, Y., Weizman, A., Ram, A., & Finzi-Dottan, R. (2012). Attachment style classification questionnaire for latency age children. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 11, 441–453.
Garber, J., Robinson, N. S., & Valentiner, D. (1997). The relation between parenting and adolescent depression: Self-worth as a mediator. Journal of Adolescent Research, 12, 12–33. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743554897121003
Gladstein, G. A. (1983). Understanding empathy: Integrating counseling, developmental, and social psychology perspectives. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 30 (4), 467–482. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.30.4.467
Goldstein, H., & Higgins-D’Alessandro, A. (2001). Empathy and attachment in relation to violent vs. non-violent offense history among jail inmates. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 32 (4), 31–53. https://doi.org/10.1300/J076v32n04_03
Griffin, D. W., & Bartholomew, K. (1994). Relationship Scales Questionnaire (RSQ) [Database record]. APA PsycTests. https://doi.org/10.1037/t10182-000
Gross, J., Stern, J., Brett, B., & Cassidy, J. (2017). The multifaceted nature of prosocial behavior in children: Links with attachment theory and research. Social Development, 26 (4), 661–678. https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12242
Henschel, S., Nandrino, J. L., & Doba, K. (2020). Emotion regulation and empathic abilities in young adults: The role of attachment styles. Personality and Individual Differences, 156, Article 109763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.109763
Jewell, T., Gardner, T., Susi, K., Watchorn, K., Coopey, E., Simic, M., & Eisler, I. (2019). Attachment measures in middle childhood and adolescence: A systematic review of measurement properties. Clinical psychology review, 68, 71–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2018.12.004
Joireman, J. A., Needham, T. L., & Cummings, A. L. (2002). Relationships between dimensions of attachment and empathy. North American Journal of Psychology, 4 (1), 63–80.
Jolliffe, D., & Farrington, D. P. (2006). Development and validation of the Basic Empathy Scale. Journal of adolescence, 29 (4), 589–611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2005.08.010
Karantzas, G. C., Feeney, J. A., & Wilkinson, R. (2010). Is less more? Confirmatory factor analysis of the Attachment Style Questionnaires. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 27 (6), 749–780. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0265407510373756
Kerns, K. A., Klepac, L., & Cole, A. (1996). Security Scale [Database record]. APA PsycTests. https://doi.org/10.1037/t17560-000
Kestenbaum, R., Farber, E. A., & Sroufe, L. A. (1989). Individual differences in empathy among preschoolers: Relation to attachment history. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, (44), 51–64. https://doi.org/10.1002/cd.23219894405
Khodabakhsh, M. (2012). Attachment styles as predictors of empathy in nursing students. Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine, 5, 8.
Kim, S., & Kochanska, G. (2017). Relational antecedents and social implications of the emotion of empathy: Evidence from three studies. Emotion, 17 (6), 981–992. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000297
Laible, D. J., Carlo, G., & Roesch, S. C. (2004). Pathways to self-esteem in late adolescence: The role of parent and peer attachment, empathy, and social behaviours. Journal of Adolescence, 27 (6), 703–716.
Li, S., Ran, G., & Chen, X. (2021). Linking attachment to empathy in childhood and adolescence: A multilevel meta-analysis. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 38 (11), 3350–3377. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F02654075211031006
Main, M., Kaplan, N., & Cassidy, J. (1985). Security in Infancy, Childhood, and Adulthood: A Move to the Level of Representation. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50 (1/2), 66–104. https://doi.org/10.2307/3333827
Mikulincer, M., Gillath, O., Halevy, V., Avihou, N., Avidan, S., & Eshkoli, N. (2001). Attachment theory and reactions to others needs: Evidence that activation of the sense of attachment security promotes empathic responses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81 (6), 1205–1224.
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & Prisma Group. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS medicine, 6 (7). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
Murphy, T. P., Laible, D. J., Augustine, M., & Robeson, L. (2015). Attachment’s Links With Adolescents’ Social Emotions: The Roles of Negative Emotionality and Emotion Regulation. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 176 (5), 315–329. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221325.2015.1072082
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