Factorial Analysis and Invariance Testing for Age and Gender of the Reactive-Proactive Aggression Questionnaire (RPQ)
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Toro Tobar, R. A., García-García, J., & Zaldívar- Basurto, F. (2020). Factorial Analysis and Invariance Testing for Age and Gender of the Reactive-Proactive Aggression Questionnaire (RPQ). International Journal of Psychological Research, 13(1), 62–70. https://doi.org/10.21500/20112084.4190
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To give up copyright, the authors allow that, International Journal of Psychological Research, distribute the work more broadly, check for the reuse by others and take care of the necessary procedures for the registration and administration of copyright; at the same time, our editorial board represents the interests of the author and allows authors to re-use his work in various forms. In response to the above, authors transfer copyright to the journal, International Journal of Psychological Research. This transfer does not imply other rights which are not those of authorship (for example those that concern about patents). Likewise, preserves the authors rights to use the work integral or partially in lectures, books and courses, as well as make copies for educational purposes. Finally, the authors may use freely the tables and figures in its future work, wherever make explicit reference to the previous publication in International Journal of Psychological Research. The assignment of copyright includes both virtual rights and forms of the article to allow the editorial to disseminate the work in the manner which it deems appropriate.
The editorial board reserves the right of amendments deemed necessary in the application of the rules of publication.
Abstract
Reactive aggression is characterized by high emotional activation, impulsivity, and hostility, while proactive aggression presents a cold, instrumental, and planned strategy. The aim was to perform a psychometric analysis of the Reactive-Proactive Aggression Questionnaire [RPQ]. A non-probability sample of 502 people between 18 and 40 years old was formed, grouped by sex (n=297, 59.2% women and n=205, 40.8% men) and age (n = 224, 44.62% under 25 years old and n=278, 55.38% over 25 years old). The instruments were the RPQ, the Anger Rumination Scale (ARS), and an affective scale (PANAS) in printed format. In this instrumental psychometric study, we found that the RPQ fits better in a model of two factors interrelated with residual covariances (CFI = .928, RMSEA = .044), presenting significant correlations with negative affect and anger rumination, as evidence of validity of concurrent criterion, especially with reactive aggression (anger rumination r = .542, and negative affect r = .359). Also, the test was not invariant between sexes and ages, given that the best fit was in the male sex and those under 25 years of age (∆CFI < 0.01, ∆RMSEA < 0.015). We concluded that women and adults over the age of 25 have a different aggressive response profile. These findings represent new directions of research around the measurement of aggressive behavior and the development of gender differentiated interventions for adolescents and young adults.
References
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Ang, R. P., Huan, V. S., Li, X., & Chan, W. T. (2016). Factor structure and invariance of the reactive and proactive aggression questionnaire in a large sample of young adolescents in Singapore. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 47 (6), 883–889. doi:10.1007/s10578-015-0619-y.
Barker, E. D., Tremblay, R. E., Nagin, D. S., Vitaro, F., & Lacourse, E. (2006). Development of male proactive and reactive physical aggression during adolescence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47 (8), 783–790. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01585.x.
Brugman, S., Cornet, L. J., Smeijers, D., Smeets, K., Oostermeijer, S., Buitelaar, J. K., & Jansen, L. M. (2017). Examining the reactive proactive questionnaire in adults in forensic and non-forensic settings: A variable-and person-based approach. Aggressive Behavior, 43 (2), 155–162. doi:10.1002/ab.21671.
Byrne, B. M., & van de Vijver, F. J. R. (2010). Testing for measurement and structural equivalence in largescale cross-cultural studies: Addressing the issue of nonequivalence. International Journal of Testing, 10 (2), 107–132. doi:10.1080/15305051003637306.
Cauffman, E., Skeem, J. L., Dmitrieva, J., & Cavanagh, C. (2016). Comparing the stability of psychopathy scores in adolescents versus adults: How often is “fledgling psychopathy” misdiagnosed? Psychology Public Policy and Law, 22 (1), 77–91. doi:10.1037/law0000078.
Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 14 (3), 464–304. doi:10.1080/10705510701301834.
Colins, O. F. (2016). Assessing Reactive and Proactive Aggression in Detained Adolescents Outside of a Research Context. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 47 (1), 159–172. doi:10.1007/s10578-015-0553-z.
Crick, N. R., & Dodge, K. A. (1996). Social informationprocessing mechanisms in reactive and proactive aggression. Child Development, 67 , 993–1002. doi:10.2307/1131875.
Dinic, B. M., & Raine, A. (2019). An Item Response Theory Analysis and Further Validation of the Reactive–Proactive Aggression Questionnaire (RPQ): The Serbian Adaptation of the RPQ. Journal of Personality Assessment, 1–11. doi:10.1080/00223891.2019.1573430.
Dodge, K. A., & Coie, J. D. (1987). Social-informationprocessing factors in reactive and proactive aggression in childre’s peer groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53 (6), 1146–1158. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.53.6.1146.
Euler, F., Steinlin, C., & Stadler, C. (2017). Distinct profiles of reactive and proactive aggression in adolescents: Associations with cognitive and affective empathy. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 11 (1), 1. doi:10.1186/s13034-016-0141-4.
Fung, A. L. C., Li, X., Ramírez, M. J., Lam, B. Y., Millana, L., & Fares-Otero, N. E. (2018). A crossregional study of the reactive and proactive aggression of youth in Spain, Uruguay, mainland China, and Hong Kong. Social Development, 27 (4), 748–760. doi:10.1111/sode.12305.
Fung, A. L. C., Raine, A., & Gao, Y. (2009). Cross-cultural generalizability of the Reactive-Proactive Aggression Questionnaire (RPQ). Journal of Personality Assessment, 91 (5), 473–479. doi:10.1080/00223890903088420.
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A multidisciplinary Journal, 6 , 1–55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118.
Hubbard, J. A., McAuliffe, M. D., Morrow, M. T., & Romano, L. J. (2010). Reactive and proactive aggression in childhood and adolescence: Precursors, outcomes, processes, experiences and measurement. Journal of Personality, 78 (1), 95–118. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00610.x.
Li-Chung, L., Po-Hsien, H., & Li-Jen, W. (2017). Selecting path models in sem: A comparison of model selection criteria. Structural Equation Modeling: A multidisciplinary Journal, 24 (6), 855–869. doi:10.1080/10705511.2017.1363652.
Lobbestael, J., Cima, M., & Arntz, A. (2013). The Relationship Between Adult Reactive and Proactive Aggression, Hostile Interpretation Bias, and Antisocial Personality Disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, 27 (1), 53–66. doi:10.1521/pedi.2013.27.1.53.
Marsee, M. A., & Frick, P. J. (2007). Exploring the cognitive and emotional correlates to proactive and reactive aggression in a sample of detained girls. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36 (6), 969–981. doi:10.1007/s10802-007-9147-y.
Ortega-Andrade, N., Alcázar-Olán, R., Matías, O. M., Rivera-Guerrero, A., & Domínguez-Espinosa, A. (2017). Anger rumination scale: Validation in mexico. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 20 (e1), 1–9. doi:10.1017/sjp.2016.105.
Pang, J. S., Ang, R. P., Kom, D. M. Y., Tan, S. H., & Chiang, A. Q. M. (2013). Patterns of reactive and proactive aggression in young adolescents in singapore. Social Development, 22 (4), 794–812. doi:10.1111/sode.12024.
Pechorro, P., Kahn, R. E., Ray, J. V., Raine, A., & Gonçalves, R. A. (2017). Psychometric Properties of the Reactive-Proactive Aggression Questionnaire among a sample of detained and community girls. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 44 (4), 531–550. doi:10.1177/0093854816686395.
Penado, M., Andreu, J. M., & Peña, E. (2014). Agresividad reactiva, proactiva y mixta: análisis de los factores de riesgo individual. Anuario de Psicología Jurídica, 24 , 37–42. doi:10.1016/j.apj.2014.07.012.
Peters, J. R., Smart, L. M., Eisenlohr-Moul, T. A., Geiger, P. J., Smith, G. T., & Baer, R. A. (2015). Anger rumination as a mediator of the relationship between mindfulness and aggression: The utility of a multidimensional mindfulness model. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 71 (9), 871–884. doi:10.1002/jclp.22189.
Raine, A., Dodge, H., Loeber, R., Gatzke-Kopp, L., Lynam, D., Reynolds, C., & Liu, J. (2006). The Reactive-Proactive Aggression Questionnaire: Differential correlates of reactive and proactive aggression in adolescent boys. Aggressive Behavior, 32 (2), 159–171. doi:10.1002/ab.20115.
Robles, R., & Páez, F. (2003). Estudio sobre la traducción al español y las propiedades psicométricas de las escalas de afecto positivo y negativo (PANAS). Salud Mental, 26 (1), 69–75. Retrieved from: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=58212608.
Satorra, A., & Bentler, P. M. (2010). Ensuring positiveness of the Scaled Difference Chi-square Test Statistic. Psychometrika, 75 (2), 243–248. doi:10.1007/s11336-009-9135-y.
Smeets, K. C., Oostermeijer, S., Lappenschaar, M., Cohn, M., van der Meer, J. M., Popma, A., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2016). Are Proactive and Reactive Aggression Meaningful Distinctions in Adolescents? A Variable-and Person-Based Approach. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 45 (1), 1–14. doi:10.1007/s10802-016-0149-5.
Stoltz, S., Cillessen, A. H. N., van der Berg, I. H. M., & Gommans, R. (2016). Popularity differentially predicts reactive and proactive aggression in early adolescence. Aggressive Behavior, 42 , 29–40. doi:10.1002/ab.21603.
Sukhodolsky, D. G., Golub, A., & Cromwell, E. N. (2001). Development and validation of the anger Rumination Scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 31 , 689–700. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00171-9.
Swogger, M. T., Walsh, Z., Christie, M., Priddy, B. M., & Conner, K. R. (2015). Impulsive versus premeditated aggression in the prediction of violent criminal recidivism. Aggressive Behavior, 41 , 346–352. doi:10.1002/ab.21549.
Tuvblad, C., Dhamija, D., Berntsen, L., Raine, A., & Liu, J. (2016). Cross-cultural validation of the Reactive-Proactive Aggression Questionnaire (RPQ) using four large samples from the US, Hong Kong, and China. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 38 (1), 48–55. doi:10.1007/s10862-015-9501-2.
Vitaro, F., Brendgen, M., & Tremblay, R. E. (2002). Reactively and proactively aggressive children: Antecedent and subsequent characteristics. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43 (4), 495–505. doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00040.
Watson, D., Clark, L., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54 , 1063–1070. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.76.5.820.
White, B. A., & Turner, K. A. (2014). Anger rumination and effortful control: Mediation effects on reactive but not proactive aggression. Personality and Individual Differences, 56 , 186–189. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2013.08.012.
White, S. T., & Frick, P. J. (2010). Callous – unemotional traits and their importance to causal models of severe antisocial behavior in youths. In R.T. Salekin and D.T. Lynam (eds), Handbook of child and adolescent psychology (pp. 135-156). Nueva York: The Gilford Press.
Yuan, K. H., Marshall, L. L., & Bentler, P. M. (2002). A unified approach to exploratory factor analysis with missing data, nonnormal data, and in the presence of outliers. Psychometrika, 67 (1), 95–121. doi:10.1007/bf02294711.
Ang, R. P., Huan, V. S., Li, X., & Chan, W. T. (2016). Factor structure and invariance of the reactive and proactive aggression questionnaire in a large sample of young adolescents in Singapore. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 47 (6), 883–889. doi:10.1007/s10578-015-0619-y.
Barker, E. D., Tremblay, R. E., Nagin, D. S., Vitaro, F., & Lacourse, E. (2006). Development of male proactive and reactive physical aggression during adolescence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47 (8), 783–790. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01585.x.
Brugman, S., Cornet, L. J., Smeijers, D., Smeets, K., Oostermeijer, S., Buitelaar, J. K., & Jansen, L. M. (2017). Examining the reactive proactive questionnaire in adults in forensic and non-forensic settings: A variable-and person-based approach. Aggressive Behavior, 43 (2), 155–162. doi:10.1002/ab.21671.
Byrne, B. M., & van de Vijver, F. J. R. (2010). Testing for measurement and structural equivalence in largescale cross-cultural studies: Addressing the issue of nonequivalence. International Journal of Testing, 10 (2), 107–132. doi:10.1080/15305051003637306.
Cauffman, E., Skeem, J. L., Dmitrieva, J., & Cavanagh, C. (2016). Comparing the stability of psychopathy scores in adolescents versus adults: How often is “fledgling psychopathy” misdiagnosed? Psychology Public Policy and Law, 22 (1), 77–91. doi:10.1037/law0000078.
Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 14 (3), 464–304. doi:10.1080/10705510701301834.
Colins, O. F. (2016). Assessing Reactive and Proactive Aggression in Detained Adolescents Outside of a Research Context. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 47 (1), 159–172. doi:10.1007/s10578-015-0553-z.
Crick, N. R., & Dodge, K. A. (1996). Social informationprocessing mechanisms in reactive and proactive aggression. Child Development, 67 , 993–1002. doi:10.2307/1131875.
Dinic, B. M., & Raine, A. (2019). An Item Response Theory Analysis and Further Validation of the Reactive–Proactive Aggression Questionnaire (RPQ): The Serbian Adaptation of the RPQ. Journal of Personality Assessment, 1–11. doi:10.1080/00223891.2019.1573430.
Dodge, K. A., & Coie, J. D. (1987). Social-informationprocessing factors in reactive and proactive aggression in childre’s peer groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53 (6), 1146–1158. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.53.6.1146.
Euler, F., Steinlin, C., & Stadler, C. (2017). Distinct profiles of reactive and proactive aggression in adolescents: Associations with cognitive and affective empathy. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 11 (1), 1. doi:10.1186/s13034-016-0141-4.
Fung, A. L. C., Li, X., Ramírez, M. J., Lam, B. Y., Millana, L., & Fares-Otero, N. E. (2018). A crossregional study of the reactive and proactive aggression of youth in Spain, Uruguay, mainland China, and Hong Kong. Social Development, 27 (4), 748–760. doi:10.1111/sode.12305.
Fung, A. L. C., Raine, A., & Gao, Y. (2009). Cross-cultural generalizability of the Reactive-Proactive Aggression Questionnaire (RPQ). Journal of Personality Assessment, 91 (5), 473–479. doi:10.1080/00223890903088420.
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A multidisciplinary Journal, 6 , 1–55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118.
Hubbard, J. A., McAuliffe, M. D., Morrow, M. T., & Romano, L. J. (2010). Reactive and proactive aggression in childhood and adolescence: Precursors, outcomes, processes, experiences and measurement. Journal of Personality, 78 (1), 95–118. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00610.x.
Li-Chung, L., Po-Hsien, H., & Li-Jen, W. (2017). Selecting path models in sem: A comparison of model selection criteria. Structural Equation Modeling: A multidisciplinary Journal, 24 (6), 855–869. doi:10.1080/10705511.2017.1363652.
Lobbestael, J., Cima, M., & Arntz, A. (2013). The Relationship Between Adult Reactive and Proactive Aggression, Hostile Interpretation Bias, and Antisocial Personality Disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, 27 (1), 53–66. doi:10.1521/pedi.2013.27.1.53.
Marsee, M. A., & Frick, P. J. (2007). Exploring the cognitive and emotional correlates to proactive and reactive aggression in a sample of detained girls. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36 (6), 969–981. doi:10.1007/s10802-007-9147-y.
Ortega-Andrade, N., Alcázar-Olán, R., Matías, O. M., Rivera-Guerrero, A., & Domínguez-Espinosa, A. (2017). Anger rumination scale: Validation in mexico. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 20 (e1), 1–9. doi:10.1017/sjp.2016.105.
Pang, J. S., Ang, R. P., Kom, D. M. Y., Tan, S. H., & Chiang, A. Q. M. (2013). Patterns of reactive and proactive aggression in young adolescents in singapore. Social Development, 22 (4), 794–812. doi:10.1111/sode.12024.
Pechorro, P., Kahn, R. E., Ray, J. V., Raine, A., & Gonçalves, R. A. (2017). Psychometric Properties of the Reactive-Proactive Aggression Questionnaire among a sample of detained and community girls. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 44 (4), 531–550. doi:10.1177/0093854816686395.
Penado, M., Andreu, J. M., & Peña, E. (2014). Agresividad reactiva, proactiva y mixta: análisis de los factores de riesgo individual. Anuario de Psicología Jurídica, 24 , 37–42. doi:10.1016/j.apj.2014.07.012.
Peters, J. R., Smart, L. M., Eisenlohr-Moul, T. A., Geiger, P. J., Smith, G. T., & Baer, R. A. (2015). Anger rumination as a mediator of the relationship between mindfulness and aggression: The utility of a multidimensional mindfulness model. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 71 (9), 871–884. doi:10.1002/jclp.22189.
Raine, A., Dodge, H., Loeber, R., Gatzke-Kopp, L., Lynam, D., Reynolds, C., & Liu, J. (2006). The Reactive-Proactive Aggression Questionnaire: Differential correlates of reactive and proactive aggression in adolescent boys. Aggressive Behavior, 32 (2), 159–171. doi:10.1002/ab.20115.
Robles, R., & Páez, F. (2003). Estudio sobre la traducción al español y las propiedades psicométricas de las escalas de afecto positivo y negativo (PANAS). Salud Mental, 26 (1), 69–75. Retrieved from: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=58212608.
Satorra, A., & Bentler, P. M. (2010). Ensuring positiveness of the Scaled Difference Chi-square Test Statistic. Psychometrika, 75 (2), 243–248. doi:10.1007/s11336-009-9135-y.
Smeets, K. C., Oostermeijer, S., Lappenschaar, M., Cohn, M., van der Meer, J. M., Popma, A., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2016). Are Proactive and Reactive Aggression Meaningful Distinctions in Adolescents? A Variable-and Person-Based Approach. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 45 (1), 1–14. doi:10.1007/s10802-016-0149-5.
Stoltz, S., Cillessen, A. H. N., van der Berg, I. H. M., & Gommans, R. (2016). Popularity differentially predicts reactive and proactive aggression in early adolescence. Aggressive Behavior, 42 , 29–40. doi:10.1002/ab.21603.
Sukhodolsky, D. G., Golub, A., & Cromwell, E. N. (2001). Development and validation of the anger Rumination Scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 31 , 689–700. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00171-9.
Swogger, M. T., Walsh, Z., Christie, M., Priddy, B. M., & Conner, K. R. (2015). Impulsive versus premeditated aggression in the prediction of violent criminal recidivism. Aggressive Behavior, 41 , 346–352. doi:10.1002/ab.21549.
Tuvblad, C., Dhamija, D., Berntsen, L., Raine, A., & Liu, J. (2016). Cross-cultural validation of the Reactive-Proactive Aggression Questionnaire (RPQ) using four large samples from the US, Hong Kong, and China. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 38 (1), 48–55. doi:10.1007/s10862-015-9501-2.
Vitaro, F., Brendgen, M., & Tremblay, R. E. (2002). Reactively and proactively aggressive children: Antecedent and subsequent characteristics. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43 (4), 495–505. doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00040.
Watson, D., Clark, L., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54 , 1063–1070. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.76.5.820.
White, B. A., & Turner, K. A. (2014). Anger rumination and effortful control: Mediation effects on reactive but not proactive aggression. Personality and Individual Differences, 56 , 186–189. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2013.08.012.
White, S. T., & Frick, P. J. (2010). Callous – unemotional traits and their importance to causal models of severe antisocial behavior in youths. In R.T. Salekin and D.T. Lynam (eds), Handbook of child and adolescent psychology (pp. 135-156). Nueva York: The Gilford Press.
Yuan, K. H., Marshall, L. L., & Bentler, P. M. (2002). A unified approach to exploratory factor analysis with missing data, nonnormal data, and in the presence of outliers. Psychometrika, 67 (1), 95–121. doi:10.1007/bf02294711.
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