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Carmona Cardona, C. A., Arango Tobón, O. E., Pico Quintero, N., & Puerta Lopera, I. C. (2024). Una revisión sistemática de la agresión y la empatía. Psychologia, 18(2), 29–41. https://doi.org/10.21500/19002386.6784
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Abstract
La evidencia sobre las relaciones entre la agresión y la empatía no están claras en la literatura. Un metaanálisis reciente indicó que las asociaciones son limitadas, mientras que reiteradas investigaciones de los últimos años han reportado correlaciones positivas y negativas. Esta revisión sistemática busca establecer la evidencia actual sobre diferentes estudios que se han llevado a cabo sobre las relaciones entre la conducta agresiva de tipo proactivo y reactivo y la empatía, desde los subdominios cognitivo y afectivo, en adolescentes, jóvenes y adultos jóvenes. Método: Revisión sistemática de acuerdo con las directrices PRISMA. Resultados: se encontraron 8 artículos que cumplían los criterios de inclusión y exclusión descritos y se reportan las discrepancias entre las asociaciones de las dos variables abordadas. Conclusión: parece haber cierto grado aceptación en el papel inhibidor de la empatía frente a la agresión, de manera relevante el de la empatía afectiva. No se encontraron resultados concluyentes de la empatía cognitiva con los diferentes tipos de agresión.
Keywords:
References
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Anastassiou-Hadjicharalambous, X., & Warden, D. (2008). Physiologically-indexed and self-perceived affective empathy in conduct-disordered children high and low on callous-unemotional traits. Child psychiatry and human development, 39 (4), 503-517. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-008-0104-y
Andreu, JM., Peña, ME, & Penado, M. (2013). Impulsividad cognitiva, conductual y no planificadora en adolescentes agresivos reactivos, proactivos y mixtos. Anales de Psicología, 29(3), 734-740. https://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesps.29.3.175691
Andreu-Rodríguez, JM., Peña, ME., & Ramírez, JM. (2009). Cuestionario de agresión reactiva y proactiva : un instrumento de medida de la agresión en adolescentes. Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica, 14 (1), 37-49. https://doi.org/10.5944/rppc.vol.14.num.1.2009.4065
Arango-Tobón, OE., Montoya Zuluaga, PA., Puerta Lopera, IC., & Sánchez Duque, JW. (2014). Teoría de la mente y empatía como predictores de conductas disociales en la adolescencia. Escritos de Psicología, 7 (1), 20-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5231/psy.writ.2013.2810
Blair R. (2018). Traits of empathy and anger: implications for psychopathy and other disorders associated with aggression. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences, 373 (1744), 20170155. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0155
Blair R. J. (2013). The neurobiology of psychopathic traits in youths. Nature reviews. Neuroscience, 14 (11), 786–799. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3577
Bo, S., Abu-Akel, A., Kongerslev, M., Haahr, UH., & Bateman, A. (2014). Mentalizing mediates the relationship between psychopathy and type of aggression in schizophrenia. The Journal of nervous and mental disease, 202(1), 55-63. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000067
Brown, SJ., Walker, K., Gannon, TA., & Keown, K. (2013). Creating a psychologically comfortable position: The link between empathy and cognitions in sex offenders. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 19 (3), 275-294. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552600.2012.747223
Card, NA., & Little, TD. (2007). Differential relations of instrumental and reactive aggresssion with maladjustment: Does adaptivity depend on function? In P.H. Hawley, TD., Little, PC., & Rodkin, (Eds.), Aggression and adaptation: The bright side to bad behavior (107-134). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Chen, FR., Fung, ALC., & Raine, A. (2019). The cognitive, affective, and somatic empathy scales (CASES): Cross-cultural replication and specificity to different forms of aggression and victimization. Journal of Personality Assessment, 103 (1), 80–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2019.1677246
Coccaro EF., Sripada CS., Yanowitch RN., Phan, KL. (2011) Corticolimbic function in impulsive aggressive behavior. Biological psychiatry, 69(12), 1153–1159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.02.032
Davis, MH. (1980). A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 10, 2–19.
Davis, MH. (1994). Empathy: A social psychological approach. Madi son: Brown & Benchmark Publishers.
De Ridder, J., Pihet, S., Suter, M., & Caldara, R. (2015). Empathy in institutionalized adolescents with callous-unemotional traits: An ecological momentary assessment study of emotion recognition. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 43 (5), 653–669. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854815618431
Decety J. (2010). The neurodevelopment of empathy in humans. Developmental neuroscience, 32 (4), 257– 267. https://doi.org/10.1159/000317771
Deschamps, PK., Verhulp, EE., de Castro, BO., & Matthys, W. (2018). Proactive aggression in early school‐ aged children with externalizing behavior problems: A longitudinal study on the influence of empathy in response to distress. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 88 (3), 346-353. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000319
Dodge, KA., & McCourt, SN. (2010). Translating models of antisocial behavioral development into efficacious intervention policy to prevent adolescent violence. Developmental psychobiology, 52 (3), 277–285. https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.20440
Dollard, J., Doob, LW., Miller, NE., Mowrer, OH., & Sears, RR. (1939). Frustration and aggression. New Haven: Yale University Press. https://doi.org/10.1037/10022-000
Dryburgh, NS., & Vachon, DD. (2019). Relating sex differences in aggression to three forms of empathy. Personality and Individual Differences, 151, 109526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.109526
Eisenberg N. (2000). Emotion, regulation, and moral development. Annual review of psychology, 51, 665- 697. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.665
Eisenberg, N., Eggum, ND., & Di Giunta, L. (2010). Empathy-related responding: Associations with prosocial behavior, aggression, and intergroup relations. Social Issues and Policy Review, 4 (1), 143– 180. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-2409.2010.01020.x
Euler, F., Steinlin, C., & Stadler, C. (2017). Distinct profiles of reactive and proactive aggression in adolescents: Associations with cognitive and affective empathy. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 11 (1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-016-0141-4
Helfritz-Sinville, L. E., and Stanford, M. S. (2014). Hostile attribution bias impulsive and premeditated aggression. Personality and Individual Differences. 56, 45-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.08.017
Jolliffe D, & Farrington DP (2006). Examining the relationship between low empathy and bullying. Aggressive Behavior, 32 (6), 540–550. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20154
Liberati, A., Altman, DG., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gøtzsche, PC., Ioannidis, JP., Clarke, M., Devereaux, PJ.,
Kleijnen, J., & Moher, D. (2009). The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. PLoS medicine, 6 (7), 000100. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000100
López Romero, L., Romero, E., & González Iglesias, B. (2011). Delimitando la agresión adolescente: Estudio diferencial de los patrones de agresión reactiva y proactiva. Revista Española De Investigación Criminológica, 9, 1-29. https://doi.org/10.46381/reic.v9i0.59
Lovett, BJ., & Sheffield, RA. (2007). Affective empathy deficits in aggressive children and adolescents: a critical review. Clinical psychology review, 27(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2006.03.003
Lozano A., & Ostrosky, F. (2011). Desarrollo de las Funciones Ejecutivas y de la Corteza Prefrontal. Revista Neuropsicología, Neuropsiquiatría y Neurociencias, 11(1), 159-172.
Mestre, V., Frías, MD., & Samper, P. (2004). La medida de la empatía: análisis del Interpersonal Reactivity Index. Psicothema, 16(2), 255-260.
Milone, A., Cerniglia, L., Cristofani, C., Inguaggiato, E., Levantini, V., Masi, G., Paciello, M., Simone, F., & Muratori, P. (2019). Empathy in Youths with Conduct Disorder and Callous-Unemotional Traits.
Neural plasticity, 2019, 9638973. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/9638973
Odgers, CL., & Russell, MA. (2009). Can adolescent dating violence be prevented through school-based programs?. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine, 163 (8), 767–768. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpediatrics.2009.129
Organización Mundial de la Salud (2014). Informe sobre la Prevención Mundial de la Violencia. Global Status Report on Violence Prevention
Penado, M. (2012). Agresividad reactiva y proactiva en adolescentes: efecto de los factores individuales y socio - contextuales.
Penado, M., Andreu, JM., & Peña, E. (2014). Agresividad reactiva, proactiva y mixta: Análisis de los factores de riesgo individual. Anuario de Psicologia Jurídica. 24 (1), 37–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apj.2014.07.012
Peña, ME., Andreu, JM., Barriga, A., & Gibbs, J. (2013). Psychometrical properties of the “How I Think” Questionnaire (HIT-Q) in adolescents. Psicothema. 25 (4), 542-548. doi
Poulin, F., & Boivin, M. (2000). The role of proactive and reactive aggression in the formation and development of boys' friendships. Developmental Psychology, 36(2), 233–240. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.36.2.233
Raine, A., Dodge, K., Loeber, R., Gatzke-Kopp, L., Lynam, D., Reynolds, C., Stouthamer-Loeber & Liu, J. (2006). The reactive-proactive aggression questionnaire: Differential correlates of reactive and proactive aggression in adolescent boys. Aggressive Behavior, 32(2), 159–171. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20115
Renouf, S., Brendgen, M., Seguin, J.R., Vitaro, F., Boivin, M., Dionne, G., Tremblay, R.E. & Perusse, D. (2010). Interactive links between theory of mind, peer victimization, and reactive and proactive aggression. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38(8), 1109–1123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-010-9432-z
Riasat, R., Khawar, R., Ghayas, S., Fatima, A., & Saeed, S. (2017). Empathy as a Mediator of Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Aggression among Juvenile Delinquents and Non-Delinquents, Pakistan Journal of Criminology, 9 (4) 58-77.
Romero, E., Kapralos, P & Gómez-Fraguela, XA. (2016). Rasgos psicopáticos infanto-juveniles: evaluación e implicaciones en un estudio prospectivo. Anuario de Psicologia Juridica, 26 (1), 51–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apj.2016.03.002
Singer T. (2006). The neuronal basis and ontogeny of empathy and mind reading: review of literature and implications for future research. Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 30 (6), 855–863. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.06.011
Song, P., Zhang, Z., Wang, B., David, N., Zhao, H., Wang, Q., Xiao, Y., & Yang, B. (2018). The influence of trait empathy on reactive aggression: An ERP study. International journal of psychophysiology: official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology, 133, 102–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.08.002
Tampke, EC., Fite, PJ., & Cooley, JL. (2020). Bidirectional associations between affective empathy and proactive and reactive aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 46(4), 317–326. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21891
Taylor S. P. (1967). Aggressive behavior and physiological arousal as a function of provocation and the tendency to inhibit aggression. Journal of personality, 35 (2), 297–310. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1967.tb01430.x
Vachon, DD., Lynam, DR., & Johnson, JA. (2014). The (non)relation between empathy and aggression: Surprising results from a meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 140 (3), 751-753. doi:10.1037/a0035236
Van Hazebroek, BCM., Olthof, T., & Goossens, FA. (2016). Predicting aggression in adolescence: The interrelation between (a lack of) empathy and social goals. Aggressive Behavior, 43 (2), 204-214. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21675
Vitaro, F., Brendgen, M., & Tremblay, RE. (2002). Reactively and proactively aggressive children: antecedent and subsequent characteristics. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines, 43(4), 495–505. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00040
Volavka, J. (1995). Neurobiology of violence. American Psychiatric Press.
Wai, M., & Tiliopoulos, N. (2012). The affective and cognitive empathic nature of the dark triad of personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(7), 794–799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.01.008
Walter, H. (2012). Social cognitive neuroscience of empathy: concepts, circuits, and genes. Emotion Review, 4 (1) 9-17. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1177/1754073911421379
Zabala, ML., Richard's, MM., Breccia, F., & López, M. (2018). Relaciones entre empatia y teoría de la mente en niños y adolescentes. Pensamiento Psicológico, 16 (2), 47-57. https://dx.doi.org/10.11144/javer¡anacal¡.ppsi16-2.retm
Zhang, F.-f., Dong, Y., & Wang, K. (2010). Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index -C. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 18(2), 155–157.
Anastassiou-Hadjicharalambous, X., & Warden, D. (2008). Physiologically-indexed and self-perceived affective empathy in conduct-disordered children high and low on callous-unemotional traits. Child psychiatry and human development, 39 (4), 503-517. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-008-0104-y
Andreu, JM., Peña, ME, & Penado, M. (2013). Impulsividad cognitiva, conductual y no planificadora en adolescentes agresivos reactivos, proactivos y mixtos. Anales de Psicología, 29(3), 734-740. https://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesps.29.3.175691
Andreu-Rodríguez, JM., Peña, ME., & Ramírez, JM. (2009). Cuestionario de agresión reactiva y proactiva : un instrumento de medida de la agresión en adolescentes. Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica, 14 (1), 37-49. https://doi.org/10.5944/rppc.vol.14.num.1.2009.4065
Arango-Tobón, OE., Montoya Zuluaga, PA., Puerta Lopera, IC., & Sánchez Duque, JW. (2014). Teoría de la mente y empatía como predictores de conductas disociales en la adolescencia. Escritos de Psicología, 7 (1), 20-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5231/psy.writ.2013.2810
Blair R. (2018). Traits of empathy and anger: implications for psychopathy and other disorders associated with aggression. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences, 373 (1744), 20170155. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0155
Blair R. J. (2013). The neurobiology of psychopathic traits in youths. Nature reviews. Neuroscience, 14 (11), 786–799. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3577
Bo, S., Abu-Akel, A., Kongerslev, M., Haahr, UH., & Bateman, A. (2014). Mentalizing mediates the relationship between psychopathy and type of aggression in schizophrenia. The Journal of nervous and mental disease, 202(1), 55-63. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000067
Brown, SJ., Walker, K., Gannon, TA., & Keown, K. (2013). Creating a psychologically comfortable position: The link between empathy and cognitions in sex offenders. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 19 (3), 275-294. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552600.2012.747223
Card, NA., & Little, TD. (2007). Differential relations of instrumental and reactive aggresssion with maladjustment: Does adaptivity depend on function? In P.H. Hawley, TD., Little, PC., & Rodkin, (Eds.), Aggression and adaptation: The bright side to bad behavior (107-134). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Chen, FR., Fung, ALC., & Raine, A. (2019). The cognitive, affective, and somatic empathy scales (CASES): Cross-cultural replication and specificity to different forms of aggression and victimization. Journal of Personality Assessment, 103 (1), 80–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2019.1677246
Coccaro EF., Sripada CS., Yanowitch RN., Phan, KL. (2011) Corticolimbic function in impulsive aggressive behavior. Biological psychiatry, 69(12), 1153–1159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.02.032
Davis, MH. (1980). A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 10, 2–19.
Davis, MH. (1994). Empathy: A social psychological approach. Madi son: Brown & Benchmark Publishers.
De Ridder, J., Pihet, S., Suter, M., & Caldara, R. (2015). Empathy in institutionalized adolescents with callous-unemotional traits: An ecological momentary assessment study of emotion recognition. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 43 (5), 653–669. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854815618431
Decety J. (2010). The neurodevelopment of empathy in humans. Developmental neuroscience, 32 (4), 257– 267. https://doi.org/10.1159/000317771
Deschamps, PK., Verhulp, EE., de Castro, BO., & Matthys, W. (2018). Proactive aggression in early school‐ aged children with externalizing behavior problems: A longitudinal study on the influence of empathy in response to distress. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 88 (3), 346-353. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000319
Dodge, KA., & McCourt, SN. (2010). Translating models of antisocial behavioral development into efficacious intervention policy to prevent adolescent violence. Developmental psychobiology, 52 (3), 277–285. https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.20440
Dollard, J., Doob, LW., Miller, NE., Mowrer, OH., & Sears, RR. (1939). Frustration and aggression. New Haven: Yale University Press. https://doi.org/10.1037/10022-000
Dryburgh, NS., & Vachon, DD. (2019). Relating sex differences in aggression to three forms of empathy. Personality and Individual Differences, 151, 109526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.109526
Eisenberg N. (2000). Emotion, regulation, and moral development. Annual review of psychology, 51, 665- 697. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.665
Eisenberg, N., Eggum, ND., & Di Giunta, L. (2010). Empathy-related responding: Associations with prosocial behavior, aggression, and intergroup relations. Social Issues and Policy Review, 4 (1), 143– 180. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-2409.2010.01020.x
Euler, F., Steinlin, C., & Stadler, C. (2017). Distinct profiles of reactive and proactive aggression in adolescents: Associations with cognitive and affective empathy. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 11 (1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-016-0141-4
Helfritz-Sinville, L. E., and Stanford, M. S. (2014). Hostile attribution bias impulsive and premeditated aggression. Personality and Individual Differences. 56, 45-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.08.017
Jolliffe D, & Farrington DP (2006). Examining the relationship between low empathy and bullying. Aggressive Behavior, 32 (6), 540–550. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20154
Liberati, A., Altman, DG., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gøtzsche, PC., Ioannidis, JP., Clarke, M., Devereaux, PJ.,
Kleijnen, J., & Moher, D. (2009). The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration. PLoS medicine, 6 (7), 000100. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000100
López Romero, L., Romero, E., & González Iglesias, B. (2011). Delimitando la agresión adolescente: Estudio diferencial de los patrones de agresión reactiva y proactiva. Revista Española De Investigación Criminológica, 9, 1-29. https://doi.org/10.46381/reic.v9i0.59
Lovett, BJ., & Sheffield, RA. (2007). Affective empathy deficits in aggressive children and adolescents: a critical review. Clinical psychology review, 27(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2006.03.003
Lozano A., & Ostrosky, F. (2011). Desarrollo de las Funciones Ejecutivas y de la Corteza Prefrontal. Revista Neuropsicología, Neuropsiquiatría y Neurociencias, 11(1), 159-172.
Mestre, V., Frías, MD., & Samper, P. (2004). La medida de la empatía: análisis del Interpersonal Reactivity Index. Psicothema, 16(2), 255-260.
Milone, A., Cerniglia, L., Cristofani, C., Inguaggiato, E., Levantini, V., Masi, G., Paciello, M., Simone, F., & Muratori, P. (2019). Empathy in Youths with Conduct Disorder and Callous-Unemotional Traits.
Neural plasticity, 2019, 9638973. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/9638973
Odgers, CL., & Russell, MA. (2009). Can adolescent dating violence be prevented through school-based programs?. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine, 163 (8), 767–768. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpediatrics.2009.129
Organización Mundial de la Salud (2014). Informe sobre la Prevención Mundial de la Violencia. Global Status Report on Violence Prevention
Penado, M. (2012). Agresividad reactiva y proactiva en adolescentes: efecto de los factores individuales y socio - contextuales.
Penado, M., Andreu, JM., & Peña, E. (2014). Agresividad reactiva, proactiva y mixta: Análisis de los factores de riesgo individual. Anuario de Psicologia Jurídica. 24 (1), 37–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apj.2014.07.012
Peña, ME., Andreu, JM., Barriga, A., & Gibbs, J. (2013). Psychometrical properties of the “How I Think” Questionnaire (HIT-Q) in adolescents. Psicothema. 25 (4), 542-548. doi
Poulin, F., & Boivin, M. (2000). The role of proactive and reactive aggression in the formation and development of boys' friendships. Developmental Psychology, 36(2), 233–240. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.36.2.233
Raine, A., Dodge, K., Loeber, R., Gatzke-Kopp, L., Lynam, D., Reynolds, C., Stouthamer-Loeber & Liu, J. (2006). The reactive-proactive aggression questionnaire: Differential correlates of reactive and proactive aggression in adolescent boys. Aggressive Behavior, 32(2), 159–171. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20115
Renouf, S., Brendgen, M., Seguin, J.R., Vitaro, F., Boivin, M., Dionne, G., Tremblay, R.E. & Perusse, D. (2010). Interactive links between theory of mind, peer victimization, and reactive and proactive aggression. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38(8), 1109–1123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-010-9432-z
Riasat, R., Khawar, R., Ghayas, S., Fatima, A., & Saeed, S. (2017). Empathy as a Mediator of Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Aggression among Juvenile Delinquents and Non-Delinquents, Pakistan Journal of Criminology, 9 (4) 58-77.
Romero, E., Kapralos, P & Gómez-Fraguela, XA. (2016). Rasgos psicopáticos infanto-juveniles: evaluación e implicaciones en un estudio prospectivo. Anuario de Psicologia Juridica, 26 (1), 51–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apj.2016.03.002
Singer T. (2006). The neuronal basis and ontogeny of empathy and mind reading: review of literature and implications for future research. Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 30 (6), 855–863. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.06.011
Song, P., Zhang, Z., Wang, B., David, N., Zhao, H., Wang, Q., Xiao, Y., & Yang, B. (2018). The influence of trait empathy on reactive aggression: An ERP study. International journal of psychophysiology: official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology, 133, 102–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.08.002
Tampke, EC., Fite, PJ., & Cooley, JL. (2020). Bidirectional associations between affective empathy and proactive and reactive aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 46(4), 317–326. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21891
Taylor S. P. (1967). Aggressive behavior and physiological arousal as a function of provocation and the tendency to inhibit aggression. Journal of personality, 35 (2), 297–310. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1967.tb01430.x
Vachon, DD., Lynam, DR., & Johnson, JA. (2014). The (non)relation between empathy and aggression: Surprising results from a meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 140 (3), 751-753. doi:10.1037/a0035236
Van Hazebroek, BCM., Olthof, T., & Goossens, FA. (2016). Predicting aggression in adolescence: The interrelation between (a lack of) empathy and social goals. Aggressive Behavior, 43 (2), 204-214. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21675
Vitaro, F., Brendgen, M., & Tremblay, RE. (2002). Reactively and proactively aggressive children: antecedent and subsequent characteristics. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines, 43(4), 495–505. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00040
Volavka, J. (1995). Neurobiology of violence. American Psychiatric Press.
Wai, M., & Tiliopoulos, N. (2012). The affective and cognitive empathic nature of the dark triad of personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(7), 794–799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.01.008
Walter, H. (2012). Social cognitive neuroscience of empathy: concepts, circuits, and genes. Emotion Review, 4 (1) 9-17. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1177/1754073911421379
Zabala, ML., Richard's, MM., Breccia, F., & López, M. (2018). Relaciones entre empatia y teoría de la mente en niños y adolescentes. Pensamiento Psicológico, 16 (2), 47-57. https://dx.doi.org/10.11144/javer¡anacal¡.ppsi16-2.retm
Zhang, F.-f., Dong, Y., & Wang, K. (2010). Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index -C. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 18(2), 155–157.
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