Fatiga por compasión y autocuidado en profesionales de la salud. El campo del cuidado y la responsabilidad personal

Abstract

Vicarious trauma, secondary stress, and compassion fatigue are standardized concepts to describe the alterations suffered by caregivers when empathy is at stake in their daily work. This phenomenon is a specific form of burnout, which emerges from the dynamics that regulate the field of care and the patient-caregiver relationship. At all times, and, especially, in times of social and health crises, the professional should be aware of the importance of personal responsibility for self-care so that he can intervene in this relationship, by identifying the lack or presence of psychological resources, which favor compassion fatigue or compassion satisfaction, respectively.

Keywords:

Care Health Professionals Compassion Patients Caregivers

References

Abernathy, S., y Martin, R. (2019). Reducing compassion fatigue with self-care and mindfulness. Nursing Critical Care, 14(5), 38-44. Recuperado de: https://www.nursingcenter.com/wkhlrp/Handlers/articleContent.pdf?key=pdf_01244666-201909000-00005

Adimando, A. (2018). Preventing and alleviating compassion fatigue through self-care: an educational workshop for nurses. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 36(4), 304-317. doi:10.1177/0898010117721581

Andaházy, A. (2019). Tuning of the self: In-session somatic support for vicarious trauma-related countertransference. Body, Movement and Dance in Psychotherapy, 14(1), 41-57. doi.org/10.1080/17432979.2019.1577758

Andrews, H., Tierney, S., y Seers, K. (2020). Needing permission: The experience of self-care and self-compassion in nursing: A constructivist grounded theory study. International journal of nursing studies, 101, 1-10. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019.103436

Beck, C. (2011). Secondary traumatic stress in nurses: A systematic review. Archives of psychiatric nursing, 25(1), 1-10. doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2010.05.005.

Berkson, W. (1981). Las teorías de los campos de fuerza desde Faraday hasta Einstein. Madrid: Alianza.

Bianchin, M. (1997). El Síndrome del Burnout en personal profesional de la salud. Medicina Legal de Costa Rica, 13-14(2-1-2), Recuperado de: http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1409-00151997000200017&lng=en&tlng=es.

Blom, V., Richter, A., Hallsten, L., y Svedberg, P. (2015) The associations between job insecurity, depressive symptoms and burnout: the role of performance-based self-esteem. Economic & Industrial Democracy, 1(1):1–16. doi:10.1177/0143831X15609118

Bolton, D., y Gillett, G. (2019). The Biopsychosocial Model of Health and Disease: New Philosophical and Scientific Developments. Springer.

Bonamer, J., y Aquino, C. (2019). Self-Care Strategies for Professional Development: Transcendental Meditation Reduces Compassion Fatigue and Improves Resilience for Nurses. Journal for nurses in professional development, 35(2), 93-97. doi:10.1097/Nnd.0000000000000522

Boyle, D. (2015). Compassion fatigue: The cost of caring. (W. K. Health, Ed.) Nursing (48), 48-51. doi:10.1097/01.NURSE.0000461857.48809.a1

Cardoza, M., Hidalgo, L., Peña, J., Pulido, L. y Torres, C. (2019). Satisfacción con la vida y satisfacción laboral. Revista de Investigación y Cultura - Universidad César Vallejo. 8 (1). 1-10. Recuperado de: https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12692/37328

Carrillo, R., Gómez, H., y Espinoza, E. (2012). Síndrome de burnout en la práctica médica. Medicina Interna de México, 28(6), 579-584. Recuperado de: http://www.medigraphic.com/pdfs/medintmex/mim-2012/mim126j.pdf

Cázares, F., Vinaccia, S., Quiceno, J., y Montoya, B. (2016). Preparación psicológica para la intervención quirúrgica: Revisión sistemática de la literatura. Psychologia: Avances de la Disciplina, 10(2), 73-85. Recuperado de: http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/psych/v10n2/1900-2386-psych-10-02-00073.pdf

Dattilio, F. (2015). The Self-Care of Psychologists and Mental Health Professionals: A Review and Practitioner Guide. (T. A. Society, Ed.) Australian Psychologist, (50), 393–399. doi:10.1111/ap.12157

Demerouti, E., Bakker, A., y Leiter, M. (2014) Burnout and job performance: The moderating role of selection, optimization, and compensation strategies. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 19(1), 96–107. doi: 10.1037/a0035062

Di Benedetto, M. (2015). Comment on “The Self-Care of Psychologists and Mental Health Professionals” (Dattilio, 2015)—Working With the Mentally Ill Is a Mental Health Hazard: What Can We Do About It? (T. A. Society, Ed.) Australian Psychologist, (50), 400–404. doi:10.1111/ap.12144

Dieker, A., IJzelenberg, W,. Proper, K., Burdorf, A., Ket, J., van der Beek, A. y Hulsegge, G. (2019). The contribution of work and lifestyle factors to socioeconomic inequalities in self-rated health - a systematic review. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, 45(2), 114–125. doi:10.5271/sjweh.3772

Dominguez, S., Fernández, M., y Vega, P. (2018). About the burnout prevalence in health professionals. Revista chilena de pediatría, 89(2), 290-291. doi:10.4067/S0370-41062018000200290

Ferrán, M., Trigo, S. (2020). Cuidar Al Que Cuida: El Impacto Emocional De La Epidemia De Coronavirus En Las Enfermeras Y Otros Profesionales De La Salud. Enfermería Clínica. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enfcli.2020.05.006

Figley, C. (1995). Compassion fatigue as secondary traumatic stress disorder: An overview. In C. R. Figley (Ed.), Brunner/Mazel psychological stress series, No. 23. Compassion fatigue: Coping with secondary traumatic stress disorder in those who treat the traumatized (p. 1–20). Brunner/Mazel.

Figley, C. (Ed.). (2002). Treating Compassion Fatigue. New York: Routledge.

Figley, C. (2005). Compassion Fatigue: An Introduction. Tulane University Traumatology Institute. Recuperado de: https://www.sites.google.com/site/charlesfigley/Home/traumatologyinstitute/research/cf?tmpl=%2Fsystem%2Fapp%2Ftemplates%2Fprint%2F&showPrintDialog=1

Figley, C. (2013) Basics of Compassion Fatigue. Figley Institute. Recuperado de: http://www.figleyinstitute.com/documents/Workbook_AMEDD_SanAntonio_2012July20_RevAugust2013.pdf

Flanigan, M., y Russo, S. (2019) Recent advances in the study of aggression. Neuropsychopharmacol, 44, 241–244. doi:10.1038/s41386-018-0226-2

Flores, N., Jenaro, C., Cruz, M., Vega, V., y Pérez, M. (2013). Síndrome de burnout y calidad de vida laboral en profesionales de servicios sanitarios. Pensando Psicología. 9(16), 7-21. doi.org/10.16925/pe.v9i16.613

Freudenberger, H. (1974) Staff Burn‐Out. Journal of Social Issues, 30: 159-165. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1974.tb00706.x

Garcés, L., y Giraldo, C. (2013). El cuidado de sí y de los otros en Foucault, principio orientador para la construcción de una bioética del cuidado. Discusiones Filosóficas, 14(22), 187 - 201. Recuperado de: http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/difil/v14n22/v14n22a12.pdf

García, M., y Vélez, H. (2018). Exploración de las características psicométricas del inventario de estrés ocupacional - OSI para el contexto colombiano. Psicogente, 21(39), 140-161. doi:10.17081/psico.21.39.2828

Ginzburg, H. (2012). Resilience. In CR Figley (Ed.) Encyclopedia of Trauma An Interdisciplinary Guide. Sage Publications. doi.org/10.4135/9781452218595.n185

Gómez, J., Monsalve, C., Luis, C., Fernández, R., Aguayo, R., y Cañadas, R (2017) Factores de riesgo y niveles de burnout en enfermeras de atención primaria: una revisión sistemática. Atención Primaria, 49(2), 77-85. doi.org/10.1016/j.aprim.2016.05.004.

González, C., Sánchez, Y., y Peña, G. (2018). Fatiga por compasión en los profesionales del servicio de emergencia. Dominio de las ciencias, 4(1), 483-498. Recuperado de: http://dominiodelasciencias.com/ojs/index.php/es/article/view/761/pdf

González, T., Guevara, B. (2018) Responsabilidad ética del docente de enfermería en el fomento de la calidad de vida de estudiantes universitarios. Duazary: Revista Internacional de Ciencias de la Salud, 15(1), 87 - 93. doi:10.21676/2389783X.2102

Grau, A., Flichtentrei, D., Suñer, R., Prats, M., y Braga, F. (2009). Influencia de factores personales, profesionales y transnacionales en el síndrome de burnout en personal sanitario hispanoamericano y español - 2007. Revista Española de
Salud Pública, 83(2), 215-230. Recuperado de: http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1135-
57272009000200006&lng=es&tlng=es.

Hiriart, G. (2018). ¿De qué hablamos cuando hablamos de salud mental?. Utopía y Praxis Latinoamericana, 23(83), 86-95. doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1438570.

Hofmeyer, A., Kennedy, K., y Taylor, R. (2019). Contesting the term ‘compassion fatigue’: Integrating findings from social neuroscience and self-care research. Collegian, 27(2),. 232-237. doi.org/10.1016/j.colegn.2019.07.001

Hooper C., Craig J., Janvrin D., Wetsel M., y Reimels E. (2010) Compassion Satisfaction, Burnout, and Compassion Fatigue Among Emergency Nurses Compared With Nurses in Other Selected Inpatient Specialties. Journal of Emergency Nursing,
36(5), 420 – 427. doi.org/10.1016/j.jen.2009.11.027

House, B., Kanngiesser, P., Barrett, H., Broesch, T., Cebioglu, S., Crittenden, A., Erut, A., Lew, S., Sebastian, C., Smith, A., Yilmaz,
S., y Silk, J. (2020). Universal Norm Psychology Leads to Societal Diversity in Prosocial Behaviour and Development. Nature Human Behaviour, 4, 36–44 doi:10.1038/s41562-019-0734-z

Hyatt, L. (2020). From Compassion Fatigue to Vitality: Memoir With Art Response for Self-Care. Art Therapy, 37(1), 46-50. doi.org/10.1080/07421656.2019.1677423

Iacoboni, M. (2010). Las neuronas espejo. Empatía, neuropolítica, autismo, imitación o de cómo entendemos a los otros.
Madrid, Katz Editores.

IHME - Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (2017) Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Recuperado de: http://ghdx.healthdata.org/about-ghdx

Jakimowicz, S., Perry, L., y Lewis, J. (2018). Compassion satisfaction and fatigue: A cross-sectional survey of Australian intensive care nurses. Australian Critical Care, 31(6), 396-405. doi:10.1016/j.aucc.2017.10.003

Joinson, C. (1992) Coping with compassion fatigue. Nursing. (1)22, 116-21. PMID:1570090

Juárez, A., Idrovo, A., Camacho, A., y Placencia, O. (2014). Síndrome de burnout en población mexicana: Una revisión sistemática. Salud mental, 37(2), 159-176. Recuperado de: http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0185-33252014000200010&lng=es&tlng=es.

Kent, W., Hochard, K., y Hulbert, N. (2019). Perceived stress and professional quality of life in nursing staff: How important is psychological flexibility?. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 14, 11-19. doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2019.08.004

Kiley, K., Sehgal, A., Neth, S., Dolata, J., Pike, E., Spilsbury, J., Albert, J. (2018) The Effectiveness of Guided Imagery in Treating Compassion Fatigue and Anxiety of Mental Health Workers. Social Work Research, 42(1). 33–43, doi:10.1093/swr/svx026

Kraus, V. (2005). Relationship Between Self-Care and Compassion Satisfaction, Compassion Fatigue, and Burnout Among Mental Health Professionals Working with Adolescent Sex Offenders. Counseling & Clinical Psychology Journal, 2(2), 81-88. Recuperado de: https://search-ebscohost-com.dbcientificas.udem.edu.co/login.aspx?direct=true&db=tnh&AN=17094732&lang=es&site=ehost-live

Larsen, A., Ulleberg, P., y Rønnestad, M. (2016): Depersonalization reconsidered: An empirical analysis of the relation between depersonalization and cynicism in an extended version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Nordic Psychology, 69(3). 160-176. doi:10.1080/19012276.2016.1227939.

León, C. (2007). Cuidarse para no morir cuidando. Revista Cubana de Enfermería, 23(1). 1-9. Recuperado de: http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0864-03192007000100006&lng=es&tlng=es.

Lewin, K. (1988). La teoría del campo en la ciencia social / K. Lewin; tr. de Marta Laffite, Julio Juncal. Barcelona: Paidós.

Lewis, M., y King, D. (2019). Teaching self-care: The utilization of self-care in social work practicum to prevent compassion fatigue, burnout, and vicarious trauma. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 29(1), 96-106. doi:10.1080/10911359.2018.1482482

Linzitto, J., y Grance, G. (2017). Health professionals’ quality of life in relation to end of life care. Supportive and Palliative Care, 11(4), 306–309. doi:10.1097/SPC.0000000000000307

Luis, I., Torres, Y., y Alvares, A. (2018). Autorresponsabilidad con la salud. Conocimientos de diferentes actores sociales y propuesta de definición. Policlínico Andrés Ortiz, 2016. Cuba Salud, 1-7. Recuperado de: http://www.convencionsalud2018.sld.cu/index.php/connvencionsalud/2018/paper/view/585/1299

Marsollier, R. (2013) La despersonalización y su incidencia en los procesos de desgaste laboral. Psicologia.com, 17(7). 1-10. Recuperado de: http://hdl.handle.net/10401/6175

Maslach, C., y Jackson, S. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal Occupational Behavior, 2, 99-113. doi:10.1002/job.4030020205

Matía, A., Cordero, J., Mediavilla, J., Pereda, M., González, M., y Gonzáles, A., (2012). Evolución del burnout y variables asociadas en los médicos de atención primaria. Atención Primaria, 44(9), 532-539. doi.org/10.1016/j.aprim.2010.05.021.

Meadors, P., Lamson, A. (2008) Compassion Fatigue and Secondary Traumatization: Provider Self Care on Intensive Care Units for Children. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 22(1). 24-34. doi:10.1016/j.pedhc.2007.01.006.

Moran, C. (2002). Humor as a moderator of Compassion Fatigue. In C. R. Figley (Ed.), Psychosocial stress series, no. 24. Treating compassion fatigue (pp. 139-154). New York, NY, US: Brunner-Routledge.

Moreno, J., Rodríguez, R., Chico, M., Lecuona, Ó., Martínez, M., Moreno, B., y Garrosa, E. (2019). Factores de riesgo y protección del estrés traumático secundario en los cuidados intensivos: un estudio exploratorio en un hospital terciario de
Madrid. Medicina Intensiva. doi:10.1016/j.medin.2019.06.001

Murray, C., Ezzati, M., Lopez, A., Rodgers, A., y Vander, S. (2003). Comparative quantification of health risks: conceptual framework and methodological issues. Population health metrics, 1(1), 1. doi.org/10.1186/1478-7954-1-1

Naranjo, Y., Concepción, J., y Rodríguez, M. (2018). La teoría Déficit de autocuidado: Dorothea Elizabeth Orem. Gaceta Médica Espirituana, 19(3). Recuperado de: http://revgmespirituana.sld.cu/index.php/gme/article/view/1129

NHS - National Health Service (2016). National Burden of Disease, Injuries and Risk Factors study; The Scottish Burden of Disease Study, Overview report. Recuperado de: https://www.scotpho.org.uk/media/1733/sbod2016-overview-report-sept18.pdf

Orem, D. (1991). Self-care Deficit Theory. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.

Ortiz, C., Kanter, J., y Arias, M. (2020). Burnout in Mental Health Professionals: The Roles of Psychological Flexibility, Awareness, Courage, and Love. Clínica y Salud, 31(2), 85 - 90. doi.org/10.5093/clysa2020a8

Peplau, H. (1991). Interpersonal relations in nursing: A conceptual frame of reference for psychodynamic nursing. Springer Publishing Company.

Piqueras, J., Ramos, V., Martínez, G., y Oblitas, L. (2009). Emociones negativas y su impacto en la salud mental y física. Suma Psicológica, 16(2), 85-112. Recuperado de: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=1342/134213131007

Pulido, E. (2015). Investigaciones en factores psicosociales en el trabajo en Colombia: una revisión (Investigation about Psychosocial Factors at Work in Colombia: a review). Inclusión y Desarrollo, 3(1), 83-95. doi.org/10.26620/uniminuto.inclusion.3.1.2016.83-95

Read, S., Grundy, E., y Foverskov, E. (2016) Socio-economic position and subjective health and well-being among older people in Europe: a systematic narrative review. Aging Ment Health, 20(5), 529–42. doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2015 .1023766.

Rocha, B., Pérez, K., Rodríguez, M., Borrell, C. y Obiols, J. (2010). Prevalencia de problemas de salud mental y su asociación con variables socioeconómicas, de trabajo y salud: resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud de España. Psicothema, 22(3),389-395. Recuperado de: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=727/72714400006

Rogers, Carl. (1942) Counseling And Psychotherapy. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.

Sacco, T., Ciurzynski, S., Harvey, M., y Ingersoll, G. (2015). Compassion Satisfaction and Compassion Fatigue Among Critical Care Nurses. Critical Care Nurse, 35(4), 32-45. doi:10.4037/ccn2015392

Sansó, N., Galiana, L., Oliver, A., Pascual, A., Sinclair, S., y Benito, E. (2015) Palliative care professionals' inner life: Exploring the relationships among awareness, self-care and compassion satisfaction and fatigue, burn out, and coping with death. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 50(2). 200-207. doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2015.02.013.

Sarra, A., y Feuz, C. (2018). Examining the Prevalence of Compassion Fatigue and Burnout in Radiation Therapists Caring for Palliative Cancer Patients. Journal of medical imaging and radiation sciences, 49(1), 49-55. doi: 10.1016/j.jmir.2017.10.008

Shapiro, S., Brown, K., Biegel, G. (2007). Teaching self-care to care-givers: effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on the mental health of therapists in training. Training and Education in Professional Psychology 1,(2). 105–115. doi: 10.1037/1931-3918.1.2.105

Sorenson, C. , Bolick, B. , Wright, K. y Hamilton, R. (2017), An Evolutionary Concept Analysis of Compassion Fatigue. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 49: 557-563. doi:10.1111/jnu.12312

Sparks K., Cooper C.L., Fried Y., Shirom A. (2013) The Effects of Working Hours on Health: A Meta-Analytic Review. In: Cooper C.L. (eds) From Stress to Wellbeing Volume 1. Palgrave Macmillan, London. doi.org/10.1057/9781137310651_14

Sprang, G., Clark, J., y Whitt, A. (2007) Compassion Fatigue, Compassion Satisfaction, and Burnout: Factors Impacting a Professional's Quality of Life, Journal of Loss and Trauma: International Perspectives on Stress & Coping, 12:3, 259-280, doi:10.1080/15325020701238093

Stamm, B. (2010). The concise ProQOL manual. (2nd ed.). Pocatello, ID: ProQOL.org. Recuperado de: https://proqol.org/uploads/ProQOLManual.pdf

Tobón, L. (2018). Responsabilidad en psicología: tradición moral y existencial. Revista Katharsis, 25(1). doi.org/10.25057/issn.2500-5731

Tosone, C., Nuttman, O., Stephens, T. (2012). Shared Trauma: when the Professional is Persona. Clinical Social Work Journal. doi:10.1007/s10615-012-0395-0

Valent, P. (2002). Diagnosis and treatment of helper stresses, traumas, and illnesses. In C. R. Figley (Ed.), Psychosocial stress series, no. 24. Treating compassion fatigue (pp. 17-37). New York, NY, US: Brunner-Routledge.

Viljoena, M., y Claassen, N. (2017). Cynicism as subscale of burnout. IOS Press, 56(4), 499–503. doi:10.3233/WOR-172518

Vincett, J. (2018). Researcher self-care in organizational ethnography: Lessons from overcoming compassion fatigue. Journal of Organizational Ethnography, 7 (1). 44-58. doi.org/10.1108/JOE-09-2017-0041

Vizcaíno, Y., Vizcaíno, A., y Montero, Y. (2020). Factores involucrados en la calidad de vida laboral para el ejercicio de la enfermería. Revista Cubana de Medicina Militar, 49(2), 364-374. Recuperado de: http://revmedmilitar.sld.cu/index.php/mil/article/view/369

Wagaman, M., Geiger, J., Shockley, y Segal, E. (2015) The Role of Empathy in Burnout, Compassion Satisfaction, and Secondary Traumatic Stress among Social Workers. Social Work, 60(3). 201–209. doi:org/10.1093/sw/swv014

WHO - World Health Organization (2009) Global health risks global health risks who. Mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks. Recuperado de: https://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/GlobalHealthRisks_report_Front.pdf

Wicks, R. (2006). Overcoming secondary stress in medical and nursing practice: A guide to professional resilience and personal well-being. New York, N.Y: Oxford University Press.

Willet, C. (2016). La sintonía afectiva en la relación cuidador-infante y entre especies. Ampliando el alcance ético de eros. Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios Críticos Animales. 2(2) p. 220-249. Disponible en: http://revistaleca.org/journal/index.php/RLECA/article/view/51/46

Wyper, G., Grant, I., Fletcher, E., McCartney, G., Fischbacher, C., y Stockton, D. (2020). How do world and European standard populations impact burden of disease studies? A case study of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in Scotland. Archives Public Health, 78, 1 (). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-019-0383-8

Cited by