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Jatuff, José. 2022. “Anthropological Avatars of Vigor in the 19th Century”. Franciscanum 64 (178). https://doi.org/10.21500/01201468.5706.
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Abstract
In the 19th century, social changes and advances in evolutionary theory and thermodynamics forged a transformation in the gaze. Tension and struggle become key concepts with which different aspects of the human being and society are interpreted. In the United States this had its own characteristics. The objective of this paper is to show the different consequences that the displacement of such theories and concepts brought by tracing a guiding principle to reveal its influence on culture and therefore on the idea of human being. Particularly in the fields of politics, economics, neurology, literature, psychology and philosophy.
References
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Marcheti, Sarin. Ethics and Philosophical Critique in William James, Ireland: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.
Myers, Greg. «Nineteenth-Century Popularizations of Thermodynamics and the Rhetoric of Social Prophecy». Victorian Studies 1, Vol. 29, (1985): 35-66.
Newlin, Keith Ed. The Oxford Handbook of American Literary Naturalism. Oxford: Oxford Handbooks, 2011.
Nietzsche, Friedrich. Fragmentos póstumos. Madrid: Tecnos, 2008.
Norris, Franck. A Man's Woman, (The Project Gutenberg eBook, 2005), 2. consultada en enero 14, 2017. http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/16096.
Perry, R. Barton. The Thought and Character of William James. London: Oxford University Press, II vol.
Pizer, Donald (Ed.). The Cambridge Companion to American Realism and Naturalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
Pizer, Donald. Twentieth-Century American Literary Naturalism: An Interpretation Southern. Illinois: University Press, 1982
Roosevelt, Theodore. Hunting Trips of a Ranchman. London: Kegan Paul Trench & Co., 1886.
Roosevelt, Theodore. Ranch Life and the Hunting-Trail, New York: Bonanza Books, 1978.
Royce, Josiah. William James, and Other Essays on The Philosophy of Fife. New York: The Macmillan company, 1912.
Shusterman, Richard. «Thought in the Strenuous Mood: Pragmatism as a Philosophy of Feeling». New Literary History 3, Vol. 43 (2012):433-454.
Spencer, Herbert. Data of Ethics. London: William and Norgate, 1870.
Spencer, Herbert. First principles. London: Watts and Co., 1946.
Spencer, Herbert. Principles of Biology. New York: Appleton and Company, 1896.
Spengler, Oswald. The Decline of the West. New York: Knopf, 1957.
Speziale, Marcia M. J. «Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr, Willima James, Theodore Roosevelt, and the strenuous life». Hein Online Vol. 13 (1980): 663-703.
Tarde, Gabriel. Les lois de l’imitation. Paris: Alcan, 1895.
Walcutt, Charles Child. American Literary Naturalism: A Divided Stream. Minneapolis: Univ. of Minnesota, 1956.
Wayne, Donald. «William James on Free Will: The French Connection». History of Philosophy Quarterly 1, Vol. 14 (1997): 29-52.
Wiener, Philip G. M. «Beard and Freud on 'American Nervousness'». Journal of the History of Ideas 2, Vol. 17 (1956): 269-274.
Wyllie, Irvin G. «Social Darwinism and the Businessman». Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 5, Vol. 103 (1959): 629-635.
Zola, Emile. Le Roman Expérimental. París: Ed. Garnier-Flammarion, 1971.
Bowler, Peter. «Malthus, Darwin, and the Concept of Struggle». Journal of the History of Ideas 4, Vol. 37 (1976): 631-650.
Beard, George. «Certain Symptoms of Nervous Exhaustion». Virginia Medical Monthly, June, (1878).
Beard, George. American Nervousness, Its Causes and Consequences. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1881.
Beard, George. The Nature and Diagnosis of Neurasthenia. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1879.
Bridges, Hal. «The Robber Baron Concept in American History». The Business History Review 1, Vol. 32 (1958): 1-13.
Browning, Don. «William James´s Philosophy of the Person: The Concept of Strenuous Life». Zygon 2, Vol. 10 (1975): 162-174.
Brush, Stephen. «Thermodynamics and History: Science and Culture in the Nineteenth». The Graduate Journal Vol. 7 (1967): 481-543.
Carroy, Jacqueline; Ohayon, Annick; Plas, Régine. Histoire de la psychologie en France XIXe – XXe siècles. Paris: La Découverte, 2006.
Chauncey, Mitchell. My Memories of Eighty Years. New York: Cosimo Classics.
Claeys, Gregory. «“Survival of the Fittest” and the Origins of Social Darwinism». Journal of the History of Ideas 2, Vol. 61(2000): 223-240.
Colella E. Paul. «The Geography of Strenuousness: America in William James’s Narrative of Moral Energy». Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society 1, Vol. 52(2016): 93-113.
Croce, Paul. «A Mannered Memory and Teachable Moment: William James and the French Correspondent in the Varieties». William James Studies, Vol. 4 (2009): 36-69.
Darwin, Charles. Life and letters of Charles Darwin. New York and London: D. Appleton and Company.
Darwin, Charles. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or, The preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray, 1859.
Daub, Edward E. «Entropy and Dissipation». Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences Vol. 2, (1970): 321-354.
Dooley, Patrick K. A Community of Inquiry. Ohio: The Kent State University Press, 2008.
Dooley, Patrick. «The Strenuous Mood: William James' “Energies in Men” and Jack London's “The Sea-Wolf”». American Literary Realism 1, Vol. 34 (2001):18-28.
Dunham, Jeremy. «Idealism, Pragmatism, and the Will to Believe: Charles Renouvier and William James». British Journal for the History of Philosophy 4, Vol. 23 (2019): 756-778.
Franzese, Sergio. The Ethics of Energy, William James’s Moral Philosophy in Focus. Frankfurt: Ontos Verlag, 2008.
Gael, Allen. Darwin. London: Longmans Green and Co., 1888.
Gale, Barry. «Darwin and the Concept of a Struggle for Existence: A Study in the Extrascientific Origins of Scientific Ideas». Isis 3, Vol. 63 (1972): 321-344.
Ghent, William. Our Benevolent Feudalism. New York: Macmillan, 1902.
Gillispie, Charles. The Edge of Objectivity. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1960.
Gray, Richard. A Brief History of American Literature. Oxford: England Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2011.
Gray, Richard. A History of American Literature. Oxford: England Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2004.
Hofstadter, Richard. Social Darwinism in American Thought: 1860-1915. New York: George Brazziler Inc., 1959.
James, William. «The Moral Equivalent of War». Consultada en febrero 19, 2018. https://www.uky.edu/~eushe2/Pajares/moral.html.
James, William. The Principles of Psychology. New York: Henry Hold ed., 1918,
James, William. The Varieties of Religious Experience. A Study in Human Nature. New York: Longmans, 1902.
James, William. The Will to Believe and Other Essays in Popular Philosophy. New York: Longmans, 1897.
James, William. The Will to Believe and Other Essays in Popular Philosophy, New York: Longmans, 1897.
Karpenko, Lara and Claggett, Shalyn Ed., Strange Science. Investigating the Limits of Knowledge in the Victorian Age. Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 2017.
Kragh, Helge S. «Cosmology and the entropic creation argument». Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences 2, Vol. 37, (2007): 369-382.
Lekant, Todd. «The Marriage of Ideals and Strenuous Actions: Exploring William James' Account of Significant Life». Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society 4, Vol. 52 (2016): 576-597.
Lekant, Todd. «Strenuous Moral Living». William James Studies. Consultada en noviembre 11, 2021. https://williamjamesstudies.org/strenuous-moral-living/.
London, J. Sea Wolf. New York: Grosset and Dunlap, 1904.
Lotka, Alfred J. «Evolution and Thermodynamics». Science & Society 2, Vol. 8, (1944):161-171.
Lutz, Tom. American Nervousness, 1903: An Anecdotal History. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1991.
Lyell, Charles. Principles of Geology. London: John Murray, 1830-1833.
Malthus, Thomas. An Essay on the Principle of Population as It Affects the Future Improvement of Society, with Remarks on the Speculations of Mr. Godwin, M. Condorcet, and Other Writers. London: J. Johnson Ed., 1798.
Marcheti, Sarin. Ethics and Philosophical Critique in William James, Ireland: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.
Myers, Greg. «Nineteenth-Century Popularizations of Thermodynamics and the Rhetoric of Social Prophecy». Victorian Studies 1, Vol. 29, (1985): 35-66.
Newlin, Keith Ed. The Oxford Handbook of American Literary Naturalism. Oxford: Oxford Handbooks, 2011.
Nietzsche, Friedrich. Fragmentos póstumos. Madrid: Tecnos, 2008.
Norris, Franck. A Man's Woman, (The Project Gutenberg eBook, 2005), 2. consultada en enero 14, 2017. http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/16096.
Perry, R. Barton. The Thought and Character of William James. London: Oxford University Press, II vol.
Pizer, Donald (Ed.). The Cambridge Companion to American Realism and Naturalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
Pizer, Donald. Twentieth-Century American Literary Naturalism: An Interpretation Southern. Illinois: University Press, 1982
Roosevelt, Theodore. Hunting Trips of a Ranchman. London: Kegan Paul Trench & Co., 1886.
Roosevelt, Theodore. Ranch Life and the Hunting-Trail, New York: Bonanza Books, 1978.
Royce, Josiah. William James, and Other Essays on The Philosophy of Fife. New York: The Macmillan company, 1912.
Shusterman, Richard. «Thought in the Strenuous Mood: Pragmatism as a Philosophy of Feeling». New Literary History 3, Vol. 43 (2012):433-454.
Spencer, Herbert. Data of Ethics. London: William and Norgate, 1870.
Spencer, Herbert. First principles. London: Watts and Co., 1946.
Spencer, Herbert. Principles of Biology. New York: Appleton and Company, 1896.
Spengler, Oswald. The Decline of the West. New York: Knopf, 1957.
Speziale, Marcia M. J. «Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr, Willima James, Theodore Roosevelt, and the strenuous life». Hein Online Vol. 13 (1980): 663-703.
Tarde, Gabriel. Les lois de l’imitation. Paris: Alcan, 1895.
Walcutt, Charles Child. American Literary Naturalism: A Divided Stream. Minneapolis: Univ. of Minnesota, 1956.
Wayne, Donald. «William James on Free Will: The French Connection». History of Philosophy Quarterly 1, Vol. 14 (1997): 29-52.
Wiener, Philip G. M. «Beard and Freud on 'American Nervousness'». Journal of the History of Ideas 2, Vol. 17 (1956): 269-274.
Wyllie, Irvin G. «Social Darwinism and the Businessman». Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 5, Vol. 103 (1959): 629-635.
Zola, Emile. Le Roman Expérimental. París: Ed. Garnier-Flammarion, 1971.
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