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Faraci, P., & Cannistraci, S. (2015). The short index of self-actualization: a factor analysis study in an Italian sample. International Journal of Psychological Research, 8(2), 23–33. https://doi.org/10.21500/20112084.1507
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The editorial board reserves the right of amendments deemed necessary in the application of the rules of publication.
To give up copyright, the authors allow that, International Journal of Psychological Research, distribute the work more broadly, check for the reuse by others and take care of the necessary procedures for the registration and administration of copyright; at the same time, our editorial board represents the interests of the author and allows authors to re-use his work in various forms. In response to the above, authors transfer copyright to the journal, International Journal of Psychological Research. This transfer does not imply other rights which are not those of authorship (for example those that concern about patents). Likewise, preserves the authors rights to use the work integral or partially in lectures, books and courses, as well as make copies for educational purposes. Finally, the authors may use freely the tables and figures in its future work, wherever make explicit reference to the previous publication in International Journal of Psychological Research. The assignment of copyright includes both virtual rights and forms of the article to allow the editorial to disseminate the work in the manner which it deems appropriate.
The editorial board reserves the right of amendments deemed necessary in the application of the rules of publication.
Resumen
The concept of self-actualization has been the subject of much theoretical speculation over the years. The essential meaning entails the discovery of the real self and its expression and development. As for the instruments available to measure the construct, there are currently several scales considered to be suitable to this end. However, many of these have been considered too long or presented problems with inadequate validation. This is the reason why a short index of self-actualization has been developed (Jones & Crandall, 1986). This index, best known as the Short Index of Self-Actualization or the Self-Actualization Scale (SAS), is now a widely used short form to measure self-actualization. The present study provides a psychometric analysis of the SAS, in order to highlight its strengths and weaknesses and to offer a starting point to a further and broaden investigation.
Referencias
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Bandura, A. (2002). Social cognitive theory in cultural context. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 151, 269-290.
Bentler, P. M. (2006). EQS 6 structural equations program manual. Encino: Multivariate Software.
Bochner, S. (1994). Cross-cultural differences in the self concept. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 25, 273-283.
Cattell, R. B. (1966). The scree test for the number of factors. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1, 140-161.
Cofer, C. N., & Appley, M. H. (1964). Motivation: Theory and Research. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Crandall, R., & Jones, A. (1991). Issues in self-actualization measurement. In A. Jones & R. Crandall (Eds.), Handbook of self-actualization (special issue). Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 6, 339-344.
Crandall, R., McCown, D.A., & Robb, Z. (1988). The effects of assertiveness training on self-actualization. Small Group Behavior, 19, 134-145.
Craparo, G., Faraci, P., Fasciano, S., Carrubba, S., & Gori, A. (2013). A factor analytic study of the Boredom Proneness Scale (BPS). Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 10 (3-4), 164-170.
Craparo, G., Magnano, P., & Faraci, P. (2014). Psychometric Properties of the Italian Version of the Self-Report Emotional Intelligence Test (SREIT). TPM - Testing, Psychometrics, Methodology in Applied Psychology, 21 (2), 121-133.
De Vellis, R. (2003). Scale development: Theory and applications (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Ebersole, P., & Humphreys, P. (1991). The short index of self-actualization and purpose in life. Psychological Reports, 69, 550.
Ellis, A. (1991). Achieving self-actualization: the rational-emotive approach. In A. Jones & R. Crandall (Eds.), Handbook of self-actualization (Special Issue). Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 6(5), 1-18.
Faraci, P., Craparo, G., Messina, R., & Severino, S. (2013). Internet Addiction Test (IAT): Which is the best factorial solution? Journal of Medical Internet Research, 15(10): e225.
Faraci, P., & Tirrito, A. (2013). Fifty years studying the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) factorial stability without consistent results: A further contribution. Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 10, 6, 274-279.
Flett, G.L., Blankstein, K.R., & Hewitt, P.L. (1991). Factor Structure of the Short Index of Self-Actualization. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 6(5), 321-329.
Fromm, E. (1955). The Sane Society. New York: Rinehart.
Fromm, E. (1941). Escape from freedom. New York: Farrar & Rinehart.
Frost, K. M., & Frost, C. J. (2000). Romanian and American life aspirations in relation to psychological well-being. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 31(6), 726-751.
Giddens, A. (1991). Modernity and Self-Identity. Self and Society in the Late Modern Age. Cambridge: Polity.
Goldstein, K. (1939). The organism. New York: American Book.
Gorsuch, R. C. (1983). Factor analysis. Hilsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlhaum.
Gorsuch, R. L. (1990). Common Factor-Analysis Versus Component Analysis - Some Well and Little Known Facts. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25(1), 33-39.
Gudykunst, W. B., Yang, S. M., & Nishida, T. (1987). Cultural differences in self-consciousness and self-monitoring. Communication Research, 14, 7-36.
Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1995). Multivariate data analysis (4th ed.). New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Hambleton, R. K., Merenda, P. F., & Spielberger, C.D. (2006). Adapting Educational and Psychological Tests for Cross-Cultural Assessment. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Henson, R. K. (2001). Understanding internal consistency reliability estimates: A conceptual primer on coefficient alpha. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 34, 177-189.
Henson, R. K., & Roberts, J. K. (2006). Use of exploratory factor analysis in published research: Common errors and some comment on improved practice. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66, 393-416.
Hewitt, J. (1989). Dilemmas of the American self. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s Consequences: International differences in work-related values. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
R E S E A R C H
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH The Short Index of Self-Actualization
Faraci and Cannistraci (2015) Int.j.psychol.res. 8 (2) PP. 23 - 33
33
Horn, J. L. (1965). A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis. Psychometrika, 30, 179-185.
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55.
Jones, A., & Crandall, R. (1986). Validation of a short-index of self-actualization. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 12, 63 -73.
Kaiser, H. F. (1960). The application of electronic computers to factor analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20, 141-151.
Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39, 31-36.
Kasser, T., & Ryan, R. M. (1993). A dark side of the American dream: Correlates of financial success as a central life aspiration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 410-422.
Kim, J. O., & Mueller, C. W. (1978). Factor analysis: Statistical methods and practical issues. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Leclerc, G., Lefrancois, R., Dubè, M., Hérbert, R., & Gaulin, P. (1999). Criterion validity of a new measure of self-actualization. Psychological Reports, 85(3), 1167-76.
Lefrançois, R.; Leclerc, G.; Dubè, M.; Hebert, R.; Gaulin, P. (1998). Reliability of a new measure of self-actualization. Psychological Reports, 82(3), 875-878.
Manna, G., Faraci, P., & Como, M.R. (2013). Factorial structure and psychometric properties of the Sensation Seeking Scale - Form V (SSS-V) in a sample of Italian adolescents. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 9(2), 276-288.
Marks, S. (1979). Culture, human energy and self-actualisation: a Sociological offering to Humanistic Psychology. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 19, 27-42.
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224-253.
Maslow, A. H. (1943). A Theory of Human Motivation. Psychological Review, 50, 370-396.
Maslow, A. H. (1954). Motivation and Personality. New York: Harper.
Maslow, A. H. (1968). Toward a psychology of being. (2nd ed.). New York: Van Nostrand.
Nisbett, R. E. (2003). The Geography of Thought. New York: Free Press.
Nisbett, R. E., Peng, K., Choi, I., & Norenzayan, A. (2001). Culture and systems of thought: Holistic vs. analytic cognition. Psychological Review, 108, 291-310.
Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). New York:
McGraw-Hill.
O’ Connor, B. (2000). SPSS and SAS programs for determining the number of components using parallel analysis and Velicer’s MAP test. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 32(3), 396-402.
Richard, R. L., & Jex, S. M. (1991). Further evidence for the validity of the Short Index of Self Actualization. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, 6(5), 331-338.
Rogers, C. (1963). The concept of the fully-functioning person. Psychotherapy, 1, 17-26.
Shostrom E. L. (1964). An inventory for the measurement of self-actualization. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 24, 207-218.
Shostrom, E. L. (1975). Personal Orientation Dimensions. San Diego: Edits/Educational and Industrial Testing Service.
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (1996). Using multivariate statistics (3rd ed.). New York: HarperCollins.
Triandis, H. C. (1971). Attitude and Attitude Change. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Triandis, H. C. (1995). Individualism & collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Triscari, M. T., Faraci, P., D’Angelo, V., & Urso, V. (2011). Paura di volare: struttura fattoriale di due questionari. Psicoterapia Cognitiva e Comportamentale, 17(2), 211-226.
Tucker, R.K., & Weber, D.R. (1988). Factorial validity of Jones’s and Crandall’s Short Index of Self-Actualization. Psychological Reports, 63, 39-45.
Wilson, C. (1969). Voyage to a beginning: A Preliminary Autobiography. London: Cecil and Amelia Woolf.
Wilson, S. R. (1997). Self actualization and culture. In D. Munro, J. E. Shumaker, & S. C. Carr (Eds.), Motivation and culture (pp. 97-116). New York: Routledge.
Zwick, W.R., & Velicer, W.F. (1986). Comparison of five rules for determining the number of components to retain. Psychological Bulletin, 99.
Bandura, A. (2002). Social cognitive theory in cultural context. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 151, 269-290.
Bentler, P. M. (2006). EQS 6 structural equations program manual. Encino: Multivariate Software.
Bochner, S. (1994). Cross-cultural differences in the self concept. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 25, 273-283.
Cattell, R. B. (1966). The scree test for the number of factors. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1, 140-161.
Cofer, C. N., & Appley, M. H. (1964). Motivation: Theory and Research. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Crandall, R., & Jones, A. (1991). Issues in self-actualization measurement. In A. Jones & R. Crandall (Eds.), Handbook of self-actualization (special issue). Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 6, 339-344.
Crandall, R., McCown, D.A., & Robb, Z. (1988). The effects of assertiveness training on self-actualization. Small Group Behavior, 19, 134-145.
Craparo, G., Faraci, P., Fasciano, S., Carrubba, S., & Gori, A. (2013). A factor analytic study of the Boredom Proneness Scale (BPS). Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 10 (3-4), 164-170.
Craparo, G., Magnano, P., & Faraci, P. (2014). Psychometric Properties of the Italian Version of the Self-Report Emotional Intelligence Test (SREIT). TPM - Testing, Psychometrics, Methodology in Applied Psychology, 21 (2), 121-133.
De Vellis, R. (2003). Scale development: Theory and applications (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Ebersole, P., & Humphreys, P. (1991). The short index of self-actualization and purpose in life. Psychological Reports, 69, 550.
Ellis, A. (1991). Achieving self-actualization: the rational-emotive approach. In A. Jones & R. Crandall (Eds.), Handbook of self-actualization (Special Issue). Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 6(5), 1-18.
Faraci, P., Craparo, G., Messina, R., & Severino, S. (2013). Internet Addiction Test (IAT): Which is the best factorial solution? Journal of Medical Internet Research, 15(10): e225.
Faraci, P., & Tirrito, A. (2013). Fifty years studying the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) factorial stability without consistent results: A further contribution. Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 10, 6, 274-279.
Flett, G.L., Blankstein, K.R., & Hewitt, P.L. (1991). Factor Structure of the Short Index of Self-Actualization. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 6(5), 321-329.
Fromm, E. (1955). The Sane Society. New York: Rinehart.
Fromm, E. (1941). Escape from freedom. New York: Farrar & Rinehart.
Frost, K. M., & Frost, C. J. (2000). Romanian and American life aspirations in relation to psychological well-being. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 31(6), 726-751.
Giddens, A. (1991). Modernity and Self-Identity. Self and Society in the Late Modern Age. Cambridge: Polity.
Goldstein, K. (1939). The organism. New York: American Book.
Gorsuch, R. C. (1983). Factor analysis. Hilsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlhaum.
Gorsuch, R. L. (1990). Common Factor-Analysis Versus Component Analysis - Some Well and Little Known Facts. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25(1), 33-39.
Gudykunst, W. B., Yang, S. M., & Nishida, T. (1987). Cultural differences in self-consciousness and self-monitoring. Communication Research, 14, 7-36.
Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1995). Multivariate data analysis (4th ed.). New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Hambleton, R. K., Merenda, P. F., & Spielberger, C.D. (2006). Adapting Educational and Psychological Tests for Cross-Cultural Assessment. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Henson, R. K. (2001). Understanding internal consistency reliability estimates: A conceptual primer on coefficient alpha. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 34, 177-189.
Henson, R. K., & Roberts, J. K. (2006). Use of exploratory factor analysis in published research: Common errors and some comment on improved practice. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66, 393-416.
Hewitt, J. (1989). Dilemmas of the American self. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s Consequences: International differences in work-related values. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
R E S E A R C H
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH The Short Index of Self-Actualization
Faraci and Cannistraci (2015) Int.j.psychol.res. 8 (2) PP. 23 - 33
33
Horn, J. L. (1965). A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis. Psychometrika, 30, 179-185.
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55.
Jones, A., & Crandall, R. (1986). Validation of a short-index of self-actualization. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 12, 63 -73.
Kaiser, H. F. (1960). The application of electronic computers to factor analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20, 141-151.
Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39, 31-36.
Kasser, T., & Ryan, R. M. (1993). A dark side of the American dream: Correlates of financial success as a central life aspiration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 410-422.
Kim, J. O., & Mueller, C. W. (1978). Factor analysis: Statistical methods and practical issues. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Leclerc, G., Lefrancois, R., Dubè, M., Hérbert, R., & Gaulin, P. (1999). Criterion validity of a new measure of self-actualization. Psychological Reports, 85(3), 1167-76.
Lefrançois, R.; Leclerc, G.; Dubè, M.; Hebert, R.; Gaulin, P. (1998). Reliability of a new measure of self-actualization. Psychological Reports, 82(3), 875-878.
Manna, G., Faraci, P., & Como, M.R. (2013). Factorial structure and psychometric properties of the Sensation Seeking Scale - Form V (SSS-V) in a sample of Italian adolescents. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 9(2), 276-288.
Marks, S. (1979). Culture, human energy and self-actualisation: a Sociological offering to Humanistic Psychology. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 19, 27-42.
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224-253.
Maslow, A. H. (1943). A Theory of Human Motivation. Psychological Review, 50, 370-396.
Maslow, A. H. (1954). Motivation and Personality. New York: Harper.
Maslow, A. H. (1968). Toward a psychology of being. (2nd ed.). New York: Van Nostrand.
Nisbett, R. E. (2003). The Geography of Thought. New York: Free Press.
Nisbett, R. E., Peng, K., Choi, I., & Norenzayan, A. (2001). Culture and systems of thought: Holistic vs. analytic cognition. Psychological Review, 108, 291-310.
Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). New York:
McGraw-Hill.
O’ Connor, B. (2000). SPSS and SAS programs for determining the number of components using parallel analysis and Velicer’s MAP test. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 32(3), 396-402.
Richard, R. L., & Jex, S. M. (1991). Further evidence for the validity of the Short Index of Self Actualization. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, 6(5), 331-338.
Rogers, C. (1963). The concept of the fully-functioning person. Psychotherapy, 1, 17-26.
Shostrom E. L. (1964). An inventory for the measurement of self-actualization. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 24, 207-218.
Shostrom, E. L. (1975). Personal Orientation Dimensions. San Diego: Edits/Educational and Industrial Testing Service.
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (1996). Using multivariate statistics (3rd ed.). New York: HarperCollins.
Triandis, H. C. (1971). Attitude and Attitude Change. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Triandis, H. C. (1995). Individualism & collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Triscari, M. T., Faraci, P., D’Angelo, V., & Urso, V. (2011). Paura di volare: struttura fattoriale di due questionari. Psicoterapia Cognitiva e Comportamentale, 17(2), 211-226.
Tucker, R.K., & Weber, D.R. (1988). Factorial validity of Jones’s and Crandall’s Short Index of Self-Actualization. Psychological Reports, 63, 39-45.
Wilson, C. (1969). Voyage to a beginning: A Preliminary Autobiography. London: Cecil and Amelia Woolf.
Wilson, S. R. (1997). Self actualization and culture. In D. Munro, J. E. Shumaker, & S. C. Carr (Eds.), Motivation and culture (pp. 97-116). New York: Routledge.
Zwick, W.R., & Velicer, W.F. (1986). Comparison of five rules for determining the number of components to retain. Psychological Bulletin, 99.
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