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Faraci, P., & Bottaro, R. (2022). Asociación entre el apoyo social percibido, la percepción de la enfermedad, la orientación a la vida, la satisfacción con la vida y la calidad de vida dentro de una muestra de pacientes con cáncer. International Journal of Psychological Research, 15(1), 9–19. https://doi.org/10.21500/20112084.5263
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The editorial board reserves the right of amendments deemed necessary in the application of the rules of publication.
To give up copyright, the authors allow that, International Journal of Psychological Research, distribute the work more broadly, check for the reuse by others and take care of the necessary procedures for the registration and administration of copyright; at the same time, our editorial board represents the interests of the author and allows authors to re-use his work in various forms. In response to the above, authors transfer copyright to the journal, International Journal of Psychological Research. This transfer does not imply other rights which are not those of authorship (for example those that concern about patents). Likewise, preserves the authors rights to use the work integral or partially in lectures, books and courses, as well as make copies for educational purposes. Finally, the authors may use freely the tables and figures in its future work, wherever make explicit reference to the previous publication in International Journal of Psychological Research. The assignment of copyright includes both virtual rights and forms of the article to allow the editorial to disseminate the work in the manner which it deems appropriate.
The editorial board reserves the right of amendments deemed necessary in the application of the rules of publication.
Resumen
Introducción. El impacto del cáncer representa una crisis severa tanto para los pacientes como para los familiares. Las implicaciones del apoyo social en el bienestar fueron bien estudiadas, pero se han propuesto varias clasificaciones. Objetivo. El presente estudio transversal tuvo como objetivo examinar la relación entre el apoyo social percibido (ASP), en relación a los familiares, amigos y la pareja, y el bienestar psicológico (percepción de la enfermedad, orientación, satisfacción y calidad de vida). Método. 138 pacientes con cáncer, en su mayoría diagnosticados durante más de tres años, quienes estaban a la espera de tratamiento. Se les aplicó la Escala Multidimensional de Apoyo Social Percibido, el Cuestionario de Percepción de la Enfermedad, la Prueba de Orientación a la Vida Revisada, la Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida y el Cuestionario de Calidad de Vida para la Investigación del Cáncer. Se realizaron análisis de regresión múltiple. Resultados. Los pacientes informaron que la fatiga y la pérdida de energía, además de la contaminación ambiental y el cambio la mala suerte eran las causas de enfermedad más elegidas. Se encontraron asociaciones entre ASP de la familia y optimismo, ASP de amigos y control personal, coherencia de la enfermedad, optimismo, funcionamiento físico y ASP de pareja y satisfacción de vida. Conclusiones. Los hallazgos revelaron una relevancia específica de las diversas fuentes de apoyo social percibido.
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Referencias
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Applebaum, A. J., Stein, E. M., Lord-Bessen, J., Pessin, H., Rosenfeld, B., & Breitbart, W. (2014). Optimism, social support, and mental health outcomes in patients with advanced cancer. Psychooncology, 23 (3), 299–306. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.3418
Aydin Sayilan, A., & Demir Do˘gan, M. (2020). Illness perception, perceived social support and quality of life in patients with diagnosis of cancer. Eur J Cancer Care, e13252. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecc.13252
Bozo, Ö., Gündogdu, E., & Büyükasik-Çolak, C. (2009). The moderating role of different sources of perceived social support on the dispositional optimism - posttraumatic growth relationship in postoperative breast cancer patients. J Health Psychol, 14 (7), 1009–1020. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105309342295
Chen, P. Y., & Chang, H. C. (2012). The coping process of patients with cancer. Eur J Oncol Nurs, 16 (1), 10–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejon.2011.01.002
Cohen, S., & McKay, G. (2020). Social support, stress and the buffering hypothesis: A theoretical analysis. In Handbook of Psychology and Health (Volume IV) (pp. 253–267). Routledge.
Cohen, S., Underwood, L. G., & Gottlieb, B. H. (2000). Social Support Measurement and Intervention: A Guide for Health and Social Scientists. Oxford University Press.
Crothers, M. K., Tomter, H. D., & Garske, J. P. (2006). The relationships between satisfaction with social support, affect balance, and hope in cancer patients. J Psychosoc Oncol, 23 (4), 103–118. https://doi.org/10.1300/j077v23n04_06
De Maria, M., Vellone, E., Durante, A., Biagioli, V., & Matarese, M. (2018). Psychometric evaluation of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) in people with chronic diseases. Annali ISS, 54 (4), 308–315. https://doi.org/10.4415/ANN_18_04_07
Den Oudsten, B. L., Van Heck, G. L., Van der Steeg, A. F., Roukema, J. A., & De Vries, J. (2010). Personality predicts perceived availability of social support and satisfaction with social support in women with early stage breast cancer. Support Care Cancer, 18 (4), 499–508. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-009-0714-3
Di Fabio, A., & Busoni, L. (2009). Psychometric properties of the Italian version of the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) with university students. Counseling: Giornale Italiano di Ricerca e Applicazioni, 2 (2), 201–211.
Diener, E. D., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. J Pers Assess, 49 (1), 71–75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
Eom, C. S., Shin, D. W., Kim, S. Y., Yang, H. K., Jo, H. S., Kweon, S. S., Kang, Y. S., Kim, J. H., Cho, B. L., & Park, J. H. (2013). Impact of perceived social support on the mental health and health-related quality of life in cancer patients: results from a nationwide, multicenter survey in South Korea. Psychooncology, 22 (6), 1283–1290. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.3133
Fanakidou, I., Zyga, S., Alikari, V., Tsironi, M., Stathoulis, J., & Theofilou, P. (2018). Mental health, loneliness, and illness perception outcomes in quality of life among young breast cancer patients after mastectomy: The role of breast reconstruction. Qual Life Res, 27 (2), 539–543
Finck, C., Barradas, S., Zenger, M., & Hinz, A. (2018). Quality of life in breast cancer patients: Associations with optimism and social support. Int J Clin Hlth Psyc, 18 (1), 27–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2017.11.002
Giannini, M., Schuldberg, D., Di Fabio, A., & Gargaro, D. (2008). Measuring optimism: Psychometric properties of the Italian version of the Life OrientationTest–Revised(LOT-R). Counseling: Giornale Italiano di Ricerca e Applicazioni, 1 (1), 73–84.
Giardini, A., Majani, G., Pierobon, A., Gremigni, P., & Catapano, I. (2007). Contributo alla validazione italiana dell’IPQ-R. G Ital Med Lav Erg, 29 (1), 64–74. http://hdl.handle.net/11585/46418
Hamdan-Mansour, A. M., Al Abeiat, D. D., Alzoghaibi, I. N., Ghannam, B. M., & Hanouneh, S. I. (2015). Psychosocial and sociodemographic correlates of life satisfaction among patients diagnosed with cancer in Jordan. J Cancer Educ, 30 (1), 31–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13187-014-0678-y
Harper, F. W., Peterson, A. M., Albrecht, T. L., Taub, J. W., Phipps, S., & Penner, L. A. (2016). Satisfaction with support versus size of network: Differential effects of social support on psychological distress in parents of pediatric cancer patients. Psychooncology, 25 (5), 551–558. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.3863
He, F., Zhou, Q., Zhao, Z., Zhang, Y., & Guan, H. (2016). Effect of perceived social support and dispositional optimism on the depression of burn patients. J Health Psychol, 21 (6), 1119–1125. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105314546776
Hodges, K., & Winstanley, S. (2012). Effects of optimism, social support, fighting spirit, cancer worry and internal health locus of control on positive affect in cancer survivors: A path analysis. Stress Health, 28 (5), 408–415. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2471
Jie, B., Feng, Z. Z., Qiu, Y., & Zhang, Y. Q. (2019). Association between socio-demographic factors, coping style, illness perceptions and preference for disclosure/nondisclosure of diagnosis in Chinese patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Health Psychol, 24 (11), 1473–1483. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105317707258
Julkunen, J., Gustavsson-Lilius, M., & Hietanen, P. (2009). Anger expression, partner support, and quality of life in cancer patients. J Psychosom Res, 66 (3), 235–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.09.011
Lee, Y., Baek, J. M., Jeon, Y. W., & Im, E. O. (2019). Illness perception and sense of well-being in breast cancer patients. Patient Prefer. Adherence, 13, 1557. https://doi.org/10.2147/PPA.S225561
Matthews, E. E., & Cook, P. F. (2009). Relationships among optimism, well-being, self-transcendence, coping, and social support in women during treatment for breast cancer. Psychooncology, 18 (7), 716–726. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.1461
Ng, C. G., Mohamed, S., See, M. H., Harun, F., Dahlui, M., Sulaiman, A. H., Zainal, N. Z., Taib, N., & MyBCC Study group. (2015). Anxiety, depression, perceived social support and quality of life in Malaysian breast cancer patients: A 1-year prospective study. Health Qual Life Out, 13, 205. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-015-0401-7
Olsson, M., Nilsson, M., Fugl-Meyer, K., Petersson, L. M., Wennman-Larsen, A., Kjeldgård, L., & Alexanderson, K. (2017). Life satisfaction of women of working age shortly after breast cancer surgery. Qual Life Res, 26 (3), 673–684. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-016-1479-z
Pinar, G., Okdem, S., Buyukgonenc, L., & Ayhan, A. (2012). The relationship between social support and the level of anxiety, depression, and quality of life of Turkish women with gynecologic cancer. Cancer Nurs, 35 (3), 229–235. https://doi.org/10.1097/NCC.0b013e31822c47bd
Pocnet, C., Antonietti, J. P., Strippoli, M. P. F., Glaus, J., Preisig, M., & Rossier, J. (2016). Individuals’ quality of life linked to major life events, perceived social support, and personality traits. Qual Life Res, 25 (11), 2897–2908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11136-016-1296-4
Prins, J. B., Bos, E., Huibers, M. J. H., Servaes, P., Van Der Werf, S. P., Van Der Meer, J. W. M., & Bleijenberg, G. (2004). Social support and the persistence of complaints in chronic fatigue syndrome. Psychother. Psychosom, 73 (3), 174–182. https://doi.org/10.1159/000076455
Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., & Bridges, M. W. (1994). Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): a reevaluation of the Life Orientation Test. J Pers Soc Psychol, 67 (6), 1063. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.67.6.1063
Servaes, P., Verhagen, C., & Bleijenberg, G. (2002). Fatigue in cancer patients during and after treatment: Prevalence, correlates and interventions. EJC, 38 (1), 27–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0959-8049(01)00332-x
Shelby, R. A., Crespin, T. R., Wells-Di Gregorio, S. M., Lamdan, R. M., Siegel, J. E., & Taylor, K. L. (2008). Optimism, social support, and adjustment in African American women with breast cancer. J Behav Med, 31 (5), 433–444. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-008-9167-2
Siegel, R. L., Miller, K. D., Goding Sauer, A., Fedewa, S. A., Butterly, L. F., Anderson, J. C., & Jemal, A. (2020). Colorectal cancer statistics, 2020. CA Cancer J Clin, 70, 145–164. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21601
Tan, M., & Karabulutlu, E. (2005). Social support and hopelessness in Turkish patients with cancer. Cancer Nurs, 28 (3), 236. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002820-200505000-00013
Thompson, T., Pérez, M., Kreuter, M., Margenthaler, J., Colditz, G., & Jeffe, D. B. (2017). Perceived social support in African American breast cancer patients: Predictors and effects. Social science & medicine (1982), 192, 134–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.09.035
Tsuchiya, M., Adachi, K., Kumagai, K., Kondo, N., & Kimata, A. (2020). Cancer disclosure to friends: Survey on psychological distress and perceived social support provision. Eur J Cancer Care, e13332. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecc.13332
World Health Organization. (2020). WHO report on cancer: setting priorities, investing wisely and providing care for all. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/who-report-on-cancer-setting-priorities-investing-wisely-and-providing-care-for-all
You, J., & Lu, Q. (2014). Sources of social support and adjustment among Chinese cancer survivors: gender and age differences. Support Care Cancer, 22 (3), 697–704. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-013-2024-z
Zabalegui, A., Sanchez, S., Sanchez, P. D., & Juando, C. (2005). Nursing and cancer support groups. J Advanced Nursing, 51 (4), 369–381. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03508.x
Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. J Pers Assess, 52 (1), 30–41. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2
Apolone, G., Filiberti, A., Cifani, S., Ruggiata, R., & Mosconi, P. (1998). Evaluation of the EORTC QLQ-C30 questionnaire: a comparison with SF-36 Health Survey in a cohort of Italian long survival cancer patients. Ann Oncol, 9 (5), 549–557. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1008264412398
Applebaum, A. J., Stein, E. M., Lord-Bessen, J., Pessin, H., Rosenfeld, B., & Breitbart, W. (2014). Optimism, social support, and mental health outcomes in patients with advanced cancer. Psychooncology, 23 (3), 299–306. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.3418
Aydin Sayilan, A., & Demir Do˘gan, M. (2020). Illness perception, perceived social support and quality of life in patients with diagnosis of cancer. Eur J Cancer Care, e13252. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecc.13252
Bozo, Ö., Gündogdu, E., & Büyükasik-Çolak, C. (2009). The moderating role of different sources of perceived social support on the dispositional optimism - posttraumatic growth relationship in postoperative breast cancer patients. J Health Psychol, 14 (7), 1009–1020. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105309342295
Chen, P. Y., & Chang, H. C. (2012). The coping process of patients with cancer. Eur J Oncol Nurs, 16 (1), 10–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejon.2011.01.002
Cohen, S., & McKay, G. (2020). Social support, stress and the buffering hypothesis: A theoretical analysis. In Handbook of Psychology and Health (Volume IV) (pp. 253–267). Routledge.
Cohen, S., Underwood, L. G., & Gottlieb, B. H. (2000). Social Support Measurement and Intervention: A Guide for Health and Social Scientists. Oxford University Press.
Crothers, M. K., Tomter, H. D., & Garske, J. P. (2006). The relationships between satisfaction with social support, affect balance, and hope in cancer patients. J Psychosoc Oncol, 23 (4), 103–118. https://doi.org/10.1300/j077v23n04_06
De Maria, M., Vellone, E., Durante, A., Biagioli, V., & Matarese, M. (2018). Psychometric evaluation of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) in people with chronic diseases. Annali ISS, 54 (4), 308–315. https://doi.org/10.4415/ANN_18_04_07
Den Oudsten, B. L., Van Heck, G. L., Van der Steeg, A. F., Roukema, J. A., & De Vries, J. (2010). Personality predicts perceived availability of social support and satisfaction with social support in women with early stage breast cancer. Support Care Cancer, 18 (4), 499–508. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-009-0714-3
Di Fabio, A., & Busoni, L. (2009). Psychometric properties of the Italian version of the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) with university students. Counseling: Giornale Italiano di Ricerca e Applicazioni, 2 (2), 201–211.
Diener, E. D., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. J Pers Assess, 49 (1), 71–75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
Eom, C. S., Shin, D. W., Kim, S. Y., Yang, H. K., Jo, H. S., Kweon, S. S., Kang, Y. S., Kim, J. H., Cho, B. L., & Park, J. H. (2013). Impact of perceived social support on the mental health and health-related quality of life in cancer patients: results from a nationwide, multicenter survey in South Korea. Psychooncology, 22 (6), 1283–1290. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.3133
Fanakidou, I., Zyga, S., Alikari, V., Tsironi, M., Stathoulis, J., & Theofilou, P. (2018). Mental health, loneliness, and illness perception outcomes in quality of life among young breast cancer patients after mastectomy: The role of breast reconstruction. Qual Life Res, 27 (2), 539–543
Finck, C., Barradas, S., Zenger, M., & Hinz, A. (2018). Quality of life in breast cancer patients: Associations with optimism and social support. Int J Clin Hlth Psyc, 18 (1), 27–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2017.11.002
Giannini, M., Schuldberg, D., Di Fabio, A., & Gargaro, D. (2008). Measuring optimism: Psychometric properties of the Italian version of the Life OrientationTest–Revised(LOT-R). Counseling: Giornale Italiano di Ricerca e Applicazioni, 1 (1), 73–84.
Giardini, A., Majani, G., Pierobon, A., Gremigni, P., & Catapano, I. (2007). Contributo alla validazione italiana dell’IPQ-R. G Ital Med Lav Erg, 29 (1), 64–74. http://hdl.handle.net/11585/46418
Hamdan-Mansour, A. M., Al Abeiat, D. D., Alzoghaibi, I. N., Ghannam, B. M., & Hanouneh, S. I. (2015). Psychosocial and sociodemographic correlates of life satisfaction among patients diagnosed with cancer in Jordan. J Cancer Educ, 30 (1), 31–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13187-014-0678-y
Harper, F. W., Peterson, A. M., Albrecht, T. L., Taub, J. W., Phipps, S., & Penner, L. A. (2016). Satisfaction with support versus size of network: Differential effects of social support on psychological distress in parents of pediatric cancer patients. Psychooncology, 25 (5), 551–558. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.3863
He, F., Zhou, Q., Zhao, Z., Zhang, Y., & Guan, H. (2016). Effect of perceived social support and dispositional optimism on the depression of burn patients. J Health Psychol, 21 (6), 1119–1125. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105314546776
Hodges, K., & Winstanley, S. (2012). Effects of optimism, social support, fighting spirit, cancer worry and internal health locus of control on positive affect in cancer survivors: A path analysis. Stress Health, 28 (5), 408–415. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2471
Jie, B., Feng, Z. Z., Qiu, Y., & Zhang, Y. Q. (2019). Association between socio-demographic factors, coping style, illness perceptions and preference for disclosure/nondisclosure of diagnosis in Chinese patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. J Health Psychol, 24 (11), 1473–1483. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105317707258
Julkunen, J., Gustavsson-Lilius, M., & Hietanen, P. (2009). Anger expression, partner support, and quality of life in cancer patients. J Psychosom Res, 66 (3), 235–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.09.011
Lee, Y., Baek, J. M., Jeon, Y. W., & Im, E. O. (2019). Illness perception and sense of well-being in breast cancer patients. Patient Prefer. Adherence, 13, 1557. https://doi.org/10.2147/PPA.S225561
Matthews, E. E., & Cook, P. F. (2009). Relationships among optimism, well-being, self-transcendence, coping, and social support in women during treatment for breast cancer. Psychooncology, 18 (7), 716–726. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.1461
Ng, C. G., Mohamed, S., See, M. H., Harun, F., Dahlui, M., Sulaiman, A. H., Zainal, N. Z., Taib, N., & MyBCC Study group. (2015). Anxiety, depression, perceived social support and quality of life in Malaysian breast cancer patients: A 1-year prospective study. Health Qual Life Out, 13, 205. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-015-0401-7
Olsson, M., Nilsson, M., Fugl-Meyer, K., Petersson, L. M., Wennman-Larsen, A., Kjeldgård, L., & Alexanderson, K. (2017). Life satisfaction of women of working age shortly after breast cancer surgery. Qual Life Res, 26 (3), 673–684. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-016-1479-z
Pinar, G., Okdem, S., Buyukgonenc, L., & Ayhan, A. (2012). The relationship between social support and the level of anxiety, depression, and quality of life of Turkish women with gynecologic cancer. Cancer Nurs, 35 (3), 229–235. https://doi.org/10.1097/NCC.0b013e31822c47bd
Pocnet, C., Antonietti, J. P., Strippoli, M. P. F., Glaus, J., Preisig, M., & Rossier, J. (2016). Individuals’ quality of life linked to major life events, perceived social support, and personality traits. Qual Life Res, 25 (11), 2897–2908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11136-016-1296-4
Prins, J. B., Bos, E., Huibers, M. J. H., Servaes, P., Van Der Werf, S. P., Van Der Meer, J. W. M., & Bleijenberg, G. (2004). Social support and the persistence of complaints in chronic fatigue syndrome. Psychother. Psychosom, 73 (3), 174–182. https://doi.org/10.1159/000076455
Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., & Bridges, M. W. (1994). Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): a reevaluation of the Life Orientation Test. J Pers Soc Psychol, 67 (6), 1063. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.67.6.1063
Servaes, P., Verhagen, C., & Bleijenberg, G. (2002). Fatigue in cancer patients during and after treatment: Prevalence, correlates and interventions. EJC, 38 (1), 27–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0959-8049(01)00332-x
Shelby, R. A., Crespin, T. R., Wells-Di Gregorio, S. M., Lamdan, R. M., Siegel, J. E., & Taylor, K. L. (2008). Optimism, social support, and adjustment in African American women with breast cancer. J Behav Med, 31 (5), 433–444. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-008-9167-2
Siegel, R. L., Miller, K. D., Goding Sauer, A., Fedewa, S. A., Butterly, L. F., Anderson, J. C., & Jemal, A. (2020). Colorectal cancer statistics, 2020. CA Cancer J Clin, 70, 145–164. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21601
Tan, M., & Karabulutlu, E. (2005). Social support and hopelessness in Turkish patients with cancer. Cancer Nurs, 28 (3), 236. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002820-200505000-00013
Thompson, T., Pérez, M., Kreuter, M., Margenthaler, J., Colditz, G., & Jeffe, D. B. (2017). Perceived social support in African American breast cancer patients: Predictors and effects. Social science & medicine (1982), 192, 134–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.09.035
Tsuchiya, M., Adachi, K., Kumagai, K., Kondo, N., & Kimata, A. (2020). Cancer disclosure to friends: Survey on psychological distress and perceived social support provision. Eur J Cancer Care, e13332. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecc.13332
World Health Organization. (2020). WHO report on cancer: setting priorities, investing wisely and providing care for all. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/who-report-on-cancer-setting-priorities-investing-wisely-and-providing-care-for-all
You, J., & Lu, Q. (2014). Sources of social support and adjustment among Chinese cancer survivors: gender and age differences. Support Care Cancer, 22 (3), 697–704. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-013-2024-z
Zabalegui, A., Sanchez, S., Sanchez, P. D., & Juando, C. (2005). Nursing and cancer support groups. J Advanced Nursing, 51 (4), 369–381. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03508.x
Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. J Pers Assess, 52 (1), 30–41. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2
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