To give up copyright, the authors allow that, International Journal of Psychological Research, distribute the work more broadly, check for the reuse by others and take care of the necessary procedures for the registration and administration of copyright; at the same time, our editorial board represents the interests of the author and allows authors to re-use his work in various forms. In response to the above, authors transfer copyright to the journal, International Journal of Psychological Research. This transfer does not imply other rights which are not those of authorship (for example those that concern about patents). Likewise, preserves the authors rights to use the work integral or partially in lectures, books and courses, as well as make copies for educational purposes. Finally, the authors may use freely the tables and figures in its future work, wherever make explicit reference to the previous publication in International Journal of Psychological Research. The assignment of copyright includes both virtual rights and forms of the article to allow the editorial to disseminate the work in the manner which it deems appropriate.
The editorial board reserves the right of amendments deemed necessary in the application of the rules of publication.
Resumen
El objetivo del estudio es analizar la producción y evidencia científica sobre los mecanismos de conectividad funcional involucrados en los procesos de cognición moral en jóvenes que cumplen con criterios clínicos de psicopatía.
Se utilizaron métodos cienciométricos de redes de citaciones basados en la teoría de grafos. Para el análisis se utilizaron bibliometrix, Sci2 Tool y Gephi.
Se encontró que las regiones dorsales y ventrales de la corteza prefrontal, la corteza orbitofrontal, la amígdala, el hipocampo, el giro angular, el cíngulo anterior y la corteza temporal presentan alteraciones funcionales en jóvenes
con rasgos psicopáticos. También se reportó que la concentración de materia gris en el cíngulo posterior izquierdo y el anterior derecho son posibles
endofenotipos con la psicopatía. Se discuten las implicaciones teóricas, empíricas y jurídicas de una perspectiva moral neural de la psicopatía y la
conducta antisocial. Los resultados demostraron que los rasgos psicopáticos que ocasionalmente conducen a comportamientos criminales y violentos
tienen una base neurobiológica relacionada con los procesos de cognición moral. Empero, un modelo moral neuronal tiene limitaciones teóricas y prácticas, así como implicaciones jurídicas para el libre albedrio y la capacidad
de agencia moral.
Palabras clave:
Referencias
Aharoni, E., Sinnott-Armstrong, W., & Kiehl, K. A. (2014). What’s wrong? Moral understanding in psychopathic offenders. Journal of Research in Personality, 53, 175–181. https://doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2014.10.002
Arango-Tobon, O. E., Pinilla-Monsalve, G. D., Grisales-Aguirre, A. M., Gómez-Tabares, A. S., & Carmona-Cardona, C. A. (2022). Consistency and validity of the inventory of callous- unemotional traits in a multi-centric community sample. Heliyon, 8(6), e09789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09789
American Psychiatric Association,. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC
Barnes, J. C., Raine, A., & Farrington, D. P. (2022). The interaction of biopsychological and socio-environmental influences on criminological outcomes. Justice Quarterly, 39(1), 26–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2020.1730425
Aria., M., & Cuccurullo, C. (2017). Bibliometrix: Anr-tool for comprehensive science mapping analysis. Journal of Informetrics, 11 (4), 959–975.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2017.08.007
Barnes, J. C., Raine, A., & Farrington, D. P. (2022). The interaction of biopsychological and socioenvironmental influences on criminological outcomes. Justice Quarterly, 39 (1), 26–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2020.1730425
Bastian, M., Heymann, S., & Jacomy, M. (2009). Gephi: An Open Source Software for Exploring and Manipulating Networks. International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media. https://gephi.org/publications/gephi-bastian-feb09.pdf
Blair R. J. (1995). A cognitive developmental approach to mortality: investigating the psychopath. Cognition, 57(1), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(95)00676-p
Blair R. J. (2005). Applying a cognitive neuroscience perspective to the disorder of psychopathy. Development and psychopathology, 17(3), 865–891. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579405050418
Blair R. J. (2007). The amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex in morality and psychopathy. Trends in cognitive sciences, 11(9), 387–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2007.07.003
Blair, R. J., Mitchell, D. G. V., & Blair, K. (2005). The Psychopath: Emotion and the Brain. Oxford: Blackwell
Blondel, V., Guillaume, J. P., Lambiotte, R., & Lefebvre, E. (2008). Fast unfolding of communities in large networks. Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment, 10, 1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-5468/2008/10/P10008
Boccia, M., Dacquino, C., Piccardi, L., Cordellieri, P., Guariglia, C., Ferlazzo, F., Ferracuti, S., & Giannini, A. M. (2017). Neural foundation of human moral reasoning: an ALE meta-analysis about the role of personal perspective. Brain imaging and behavior, 11(1), 278–292. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11682-016-9505-x
Caldwell, B. M., Anderson, N. E., Harenski, K. A., Sitney, M. H., Caldwell, M. F., Van Rybroek, G. J., & Kiehl, K. A. (2019). The structural brain correlates of callous-unemotional traits in incarcerated male adolescents. NeuroImage. Clinical, 22, 101703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101703
Castellanos-Ryan, N., & Séguin, J. R. (2016). Prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex mechanisms of impulsivity. In T. P. Beauchaine & S. P. Hinshaw (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of externalizing spectrum disorders (pp. 201–219). Oxford University Press.
Chen, C. Y., Raine, A., Chou, K. H., Chen, I. Y., Hung, D., & Lin, C. P. (2016). Abnormal white matter integrity in rapists as indicated by diffusion tensor imaging. BMC neuroscience, 17(1), 45. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12868-016-0278-3
Cope, L. M., Shane, M. S., Segall, J. M., Nyalakanti, P. K., Stevens, M. C., Pearlson, G. D., Calhoun, V. D., & Kiehl, K. A. (2012). Examining the effect of psychopathic traits on gray matter volume in a community substance abuse sample. Psychiatry Research, 204(2–3), 91–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2012.10.004
Craigie, J. (2011). Thinking and feeling: Moral deliberation in a dual-process framework. Philosophical Psychology, 24(1), 53–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515089.2010.533262
Darby, R. R., Horn, A., Cushman, F., & Fox, M. D. (2018). Lesion network localization of criminal behavior. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 115(3), 601–606. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1706587115
De Brito, S. A., McDonald, D., Camilleri, J. A., & Rogers, J. C. (2021). Cortical and subcortical gray matter volume in psychopathy: A voxel-wise meta-analysis. Journal of abnormal psychology, 130(6), 627–640. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000698
Dean, A. C., Altstein, L. L., Berman, M. E., Constans, J. I., Sugar, C. A., & McCloskey, M. S. (2013). Secondary psychopathy, but not primary psychopathy, is associated with risky decision-making in noninstitutionalized young adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 54(2), 272–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.09.009
Dembo, R., Schmeidler, J., Nini-Gough, B., Sue, C. C., Borden, P., & Manning, D. (1998). Predictors of recidivism to a juvenile assessment center: A three year study. Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse, 7(3), 57–77. https://doi.org/10.1300/J029v07n03_03
De Oliveira-Souza, R., Hare, R. D., Bramati, I. E., Garrido, G. J., Azevedo Ignácio, F., Tovar-Moll, F., & Moll, J. (2008). Psychopathy as a disorder of the moral brain: fronto-temporo-limbic grey matter reductions demonstrated by voxel-based morphometry. NeuroImage, 40(3), 1202–1213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.12.054
Ding, Y., Yan, E., Frazho, A. y Caverlee, J. (2009). PageRank for ranking authors in co-citation networks. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 60 (11), 2229-2243. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.21171
Dolan, M. C., & Fullam, R. S. (2010). Moral/conventional transgression distinction and psychopathy in conduct disordered adolescent offenders. Personality and Individual Differences, 49, 995–1000. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.08.011
Duque, P. & Duque Oliva, E. J. (2022). Tendencias emergentes en la literatura sobre el compromiso del cliente: un análisis bibliométrico. Estudios Gerenciales, 38 (162), 120-132. https://doi.org/10.18046/j.estger.2022.162.4528
Fassaert, T., Segeren, M., Grimbergen, C., Tuinebreijer, W., & De Wit, M. (2016). Violent offenders as a target population for Public Mental Health Care. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine, 40, 54–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2016.03.003
Fazel, S., & Danesh, J. (2002). Serious mental disorder in 23000 prisoners: a systematic review of 62 surveys. Lancet 359, 545–550. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)07740-1
Frick, P. J., & White, S. F. (2008). Research Review: The importance of callous-unemotional traits for developmental models of aggressive and antisocial behavior. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49(4), 359–375. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01862.x
Gatner, D. T., Blanchard, A. J. E., Douglas, K. S., Lilienfeld, S. O., & Edens, J. F. (2018). Psychopathy in a multiethnic world: Investigating multiple measures of psychopathy in Hispanic, African American, and Caucasian offenders. Assessment, 25(2), 206–221. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191116639374
Glenn, A. L., Raine, A., & Schug, R. A. (2009). The neural correlates of moral decision-making in psychopathy. Molecular Psychiatry, 14(1), 5–6. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2008.104
Glenn, A. L., Iyer, R., Graham, J., Koleva, S., & Haidt, J. (2009). Are all types of morality compromised in psychopathy? Journal of Personality Disorders, 23, 384–398. https://doi.org/10.1521/ pedi.2009.23.4.384
Gómez, A. S., & Narváez, M. (2019). Mecanismos de desconexión moral y su relación con la empatía y la prosocialidad en adolescentes que han tenido experiencias delictivas. Revista de Psicología (PUCP), 37(2), 603-641. https://dx.doi.org/10.18800/psico.201902.010
Gutiérrez Quevedo, M. (2015). Políticas públicas y prevención en Colombia. Centro de Investigación en Política Criminal, Política Criminal y “Prevención, 21-43. https://books.openedition.org/uec/1131?lang=es
Han, H. (2020). Comment on Raine (2019) “The neuromoral theory of antisocial, violent, and psychopathic behavior.” F1000Research, 9, 274. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.23346.2
Hart, S. D., Kropp, P. R., & Hare, R. D. (1988). Performance of male psychopaths following conditional release from prison. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56(2), 227–232. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.56.2.227
Hare, R. D., Hart, S. D., & Harpur, T. J. (1991). Psychopathy and the DSM-IV criteria for antisocial personality disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100(3), 391–398. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.100.3.391
Hare, R. D., & Hart, S. D. (1993). Psychopathy, mental disorder, and crime. In S. Hodgins (Ed.), Mental disorder and crime (pp. 104–115). Sage Publications, Inc.
Hare, R. D., & Neumann, C. S. (2008). Psychopathy as a clinical and empirical construct. Annual review of clinical psychology, 4, 217–246. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091452
Harenski, C. L., Harenski, K. A., Shane, M. S., & Kiehl, K. A. (2010). Aberrant neural processing of moral violations in criminal psychopaths. Journal of abnormal psychology, 119(4), 863–874. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020979
Harpur, T. J., & Hare, R. D. (1994). Assessment of psychopathy as a function of age. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103(4), 604–609. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.103.4.604
Hoerst, M., Weber-Fahr, W., Tunc-Skarka, N., Ruf, M., Bohus, M., Schmahl, C., & Ende, G. (2010). Correlation of glutamate levels in the anterior cingulate cortex with self-reported impulsivity in patients with borderline personality disorder and healthy controls. Archives of general psychiatry, 67(9), 946–954. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.93
Hofhansel, L., Weidler, C., Votinov, M., Clemens, B., Raine, A., & Habel, U. (2020). Morphology of the criminal brain: gray matter reductions are linked to antisocial behavior in offenders. Brain structure & function, 225(7), 2017–2028. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-020-02106-6
Hoppenbrouwers, S. S., De Jesus, D. R., Stirpe, T., Fitzgerald, P. B., Voineskos, A. N., Schutter, D. J., & Daskalakis, Z. J. (2013). Inhibitory deficits in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in psychopathic offenders. Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior, 49(5), 1377–1385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2012.06.003
Jaro, M. A. (1989). Advances in Record-Linkage Methodology as Applied to Matching the 1985 Census of Tampa, Florida. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 84(406), 414-420. https://doi.org/10.2307/2289924
Johanson, M., Vaurio, O., Tiihonen, J., & Lähteenvuo, M. (2019). A systematic literature review of neuroimaging of psychopathic traits. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 1027. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.01027
Kalist, D. E., Lee, D. Y., & Spurr, S. J. (2015). Predicting recidivism of juvenile offenders. The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, 15(1), 329–351. https://doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2013-0188
Kiehl K. A. (2006). A cognitive neuroscience perspective on psychopathy: evidence for paralimbic system dysfunction. Psychiatry research, 142(2-3), 107–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2005.09.013
Koenigs M. (2012). The role of prefrontal cortex in psychopathy. Reviews in the neurosciences, 23(3), 253–262. https://doi.org/10.1515/revneuro-2012-0036
Korponay, C., Pujara, M., Deming, P., Philippi, C., Decety, J., Kosson, D. S., Kiehl, K. A., & Koenigs, M. (2017). Impulsive-antisocial psychopathic traits linked to increased volume and functional connectivity within prefrontal cortex. Social cognitive and affective neuroscience, 12(7), 1169–1178. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsx042
Korponay, C., & Koenigs, M. (2021). Gray matter correlates of impulsivity in psychopathy and in the general population differ by kind, not by degree: a comparison of systematic reviews. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 16(7), 683–695. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsab045
Kramers-Olen, A. L. (2015). Neuroscience, moral development, criminal capacity, and the Child Justice Act: justice or injustice? Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Sielkunde [South African Journal of Psychology], 45(4), 466–479. https://doi.org/10.1177/0081246315603633
Langdon, R., & Delmas, K. (2012). Moral reasoning and psychopathic tendencies in the general community. In R.Langdon & C.Mackenzie (Eds.), Emotion, imagination and moral reasoning (pp. 91–118). Hove: Psychology Press.
LeDoux, J. (2007). The amygdala. Current Biology, 17(20), 868-874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2007.08.005
Lee, Z., & Salekin, R. T. (2010). Psychopathy in a noninstitutional sample: Differences in primary and secondary subtypes. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 1(3), 153–169. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019269
Lenzen, L. M., Donges, M. R., Eickhoff, S. B., & Poeppl, T. B. (2021). Exploring the neural correlates of (altered) moral cognition in psychopaths. Behavioral sciences & the law, 39(6), 731–740. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.2539
Lilienfeld, S. O., Watts, A. L., Francis Smith, S., Berg, J. M., & Latzman, R. D. (2015). Psychopathy Deconstructed and Reconstructed: Identifying and Assembling the Personality Building Blocks of Cleckley's Chimera. Journal of personality, 83(6), 593–610. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12118
Lloyd, B., Montoya, E., De Voogd, L., & Oudman, E. (2022). Unravelling moral cognition in acquired brain injury: A scoping review. Brain Impairment, 23(2), 143-163. https://doi.org/10.1017/BrImp.2021.7
Luo, Q., Nakic, M., Wheatley, T., Richell, R., Martin, A., & Blair, R. J. (2006). The neural basis of implicit moral attitude--an IAT study using event-related fMRI. NeuroImage, 30(4), 1449–1457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.11.005
Lynam D. R. (1996). Early identification of chronic offenders: who is the fledgling psychopath?. Psychological bulletin, 120(2), 209–234. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.120.2.209
Maiese, M. (2014). Moral cognition, affect, and psychopathy. Philosophical Psychology, 27(6), 807–828. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515089.2013.793916
Marin Zapata, E. A. (2020). Delincuencia y psicopatía: Estudio correlacional de rasgos de personalidad en adolescentes infractores Caldenses y la relación con el delito.
Marr, D. (1982). Vision: A computational investigation into the human representation and processing of visual information. The MIT Press.
Marsh, A. A., Finger, E. C., Fowler, K. A., Jurkowitz, I. T. N., Schechter, J. C., Yu, H. H., Pine, D. S., & Blair, R. J. R. (2011). Reduced amygdala–orbitofrontal connectivity during moral judgments in youths with disruptive behavior disorders and psychopathic traits. Psychiatry Research. Neuroimaging, 194(3), 279–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2011.07.008
Marsh, A. A., & Cardinale, E. M. (2014). When psychopathy impairs moral judgments: neural responses during judgments about causing fear. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 9(1), 3–11. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nss097
Martín-Martín, A., Orduna-Malea, E., Thelwall, M., & Delgado López-Cózar, E. (2018). Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Scopus: A systematic comparison of citations in 252 subject categories. Journal of Informetrics, 12(4), 1160–1177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2018.09.002
Miglin, R., Rodriguez, S., Bounoua, N., & Sadeh, N. (2022). A multidimensional examination of psychopathy traits and gray matter volume in adults. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 17(7), 662–672. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsab131
Moffitt, T. E. (2018). Male antisocial behaviour in adolescence and beyond. Nature human behaviour, 2, 177–186.
Murray, L., Waller, R., & Hyde, L. W. (2018). A systematic review examining the link between psychopathic personality traits, antisocial behavior, and neural reactivity during reward and loss processing. Personality disorders, 9(6), 497–509. https://doi.org/10.1037/per0000308
Nestor, P. G. (2019). In defense of free will: Neuroscience and criminal responsibility. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 65(101344), 101344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2018.04.004
Paternoster, R., Brame, R., & Farrington, D. P. (2001). On the relationship between adolescent and adult conviction frequencies. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 17(3), 201–225. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011007016387
Pernu, T. K., & Elzein, N. (2020). From neuroscience to law: Bridging the gap. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1862. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01862
Pletti, C., Lotto, L., Buodo, G., & Sarlo, M. (2017). It’s immoral, but I’d do it! Psychopathy traits affect decision-making in sacrificial dilemmas and in everyday moral situations. British Journal of Psychology, 108(2), 351–368. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12205
Raine, A. (2008). From genes to brain to antisocial behavior. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17(5), 323–328. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2008.00599.x
Raine, A. (2019). The neuromoral theory of antisocial, violent, and psychopathic behavior. Psychiatry Research, 277, 64–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.11.025
Raine, A., & Yang, Y. (2006). Neural foundations to moral reasoning and antisocial behavior. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 1(3), 203–213. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsl033
Raine, A., Dodge, K., Loeber, R., Gatzke-Kopp, L., Lynam, D., Reynolds, C., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., & Liu, J. (2006). The reactive-Proactive Aggression Questionnaire: Differential correlates of reactive and proactive aggression in adolescent boys. Aggressive Behavior, 32(2), 159–171. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20115
Raine, A., Laufer, W. S., Yang, Y., Narr, K. L., Thompson, P., & Toga, A. W. (2012). Increased executive functioning, attention, and cortical thickness in white-collar criminals. Human brain mapping, 33(12), 2932–2940. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.21415
Rijsdijk, F. V., Viding, E., De Brito, S., Forgiarini, M., Mechelli, A., Jones, A. P., & McCrory, E. (2010). Heritable variations in gray matter concentration as a potential endophenotype for psychopathic traits. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67(4), 406–413. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.20
Rudebeck, P. H., & Rich, E. L. (2018). Orbitofrontal cortex. Current biology : CB, 28(18), R1083–R1088. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.07.018
Sajous-Turner, A., Anderson, N. E., Widdows, M., Nyalakanti, P., Harenski, K., Harenski, C., Koenigs, M., Decety, J., & Kiehl, K. A. (2020). Aberrant brain gray matter in murderers. Brain imaging and behavior, 14(5), 2050–2061. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11682-019-00155-y
Saladino, V., Hoelzlhammer, L., and Verrastro, V. (2020a). Criminality, substance abuse and problematic family relations in adolescence. Journal of Addiction Medicine and Therapeutic Science, 6(1), 016–020. https://doi.org/10.17352/2455-3484.000031
Saladino, V., Algeri, D., & Auriemma, V. (2020b). The psychological and social impact of Covid-19: New perspectives of well-being. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 577684. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.577684
Saladino, V., Lin, H., Zamparelli, E., & Verrastro, V. (2021). Neuroscience, empathy, and violent crime in an incarcerated population: A narrative review. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 694212. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.694212
Sci2 Team. (2009). Science of Science (Sci2) Tool. Indiana University and SciTech Strategies. https://sci2.cns.iu.edu
Seara-Cardoso, A., Sebastian, C. L., Viding, E., & Roiser, J. P. (2016). Affective resonance in response to others' emotional faces varies with affective ratings and psychopathic traits in amygdala and anterior insula. Social neuroscience, 11(2), 140–152. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470919.2015.1044672
Stewart, D. G., & Trupin, E. W. (2003). Clinical Utility and Policy Implications of a Statewide Mental Health Screening Process for Juvenile Offenders. Psychiatric Services, 54(3), 377–382. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.54.3.377
van Dongen, J. D. M. (2020). The empathic brain of psychopaths: From social science to neuroscience in empathy. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 695. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00695
Van Vugt, E., Gibbs, J., Stams, G. J., Bijleveld, C., Hendriks, J., & van der Laan, P. (2011). Moral development and recidivism: a meta-analysis: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 55(8), 1234–1250. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X11396441
Valencia, D. S., Robledo, S., Pinilla, R., Duque. N. D., & Olivar, G. (2020). SAP Algorithm for Citation Analysis: An improvement to Tree of Science. Ingeniería e Investigación, 40(1), 45-49. https://doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.v40n1.77718
Voiklis, J., & Malle, B. F. (2018). Moral cognition and its basis in social cognition and social regulation. In K. Gray & J. Graham (Eds.), Atlas of moral psychology (pp. 108–120). The Guilford Press.
Yang, Q., Shao, R., Zhang, Q., Li, C., Li, Y., Li, H., & Lee, T. (2019). When morality opposes the law: An fMRI investigation into punishment judgments for crimes with good intentions. Neuropsychologia, 127, 195–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.01.020
Ye, S., Zhu, B., Zhao, L., Tian, X., Yang, Q., & Krueger, F. (2022). Connectome-based model predicts individual psychopathic traits in college students. Neuroscience Letters, 769(136387), 136387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136387
Yildirim, B. O., & Derksen, J. J. L. (2015). Clarifying the heterogeneity in psychopathic samples: Towards a new continuum of primary and secondary psychopathy. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 24, 9–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2015.05.001