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Lemus Delgado, D. (2017). La Ayuda Oficial al Desarrollo de Taiwán en América Latina a la sombra de China: Entre la identidad nacional y el reconocimiento internacional. Revista Internacional De Cooperación Y Desarrollo, 4(2), 51–67. https://doi.org/10.21500/23825014.3141
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Resumen
Este artículo relaciona las prácticas y discursos de la Ayuda Oficial al Desarrollo (AOD) de República de China en Latinoamérica con la identidad nacional. Para ello, se parte del supuesto de que los modelos teóricos tradicionales que explican el rol de los actores son insuficientes para analizar la rivalidad China-Taiwán que incide en los modelos y prácticas de la AOD. Por lo tanto, se asume un enfoque constructivista que afirma la identidad como un elemento clave para comprender el comportamiento de los Estados en el escenario internacional. Así, se analiza la AOD taiwanesa en Latinoamérica para analizar el rol que la identidad desempeña en este proceso. De esta manera, se emplea un enfoque poco explorado que contribuye a comprender características distintivas de la cooperación de Taiwán en contraposición a la de China. Finalmente, se concluye que la identidad es fundamental para comprender las dinámicas de continuidad y cambio al interior del régimen de la AOD de Taiwán en América Latina bajo la sombra china.
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Citas
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Bush, R.C. (2005). Untying the Knot: Making Peace in the Taiwan Strait. Washington, D.C., United States: Brookings Institution Press.
Chan, G. (1997). Taiwan as an Emerging Foreign Aid Donor: Developments, Problems, and Prospects. Pacific Affairs, 70 (1), 37-56.
Chen, R. (2014). Reconstructed nationalism in Taiwan: a politicised and economically driven identity. Nation and Nationalism, 20 (3), 523-545.
Chernoff, F. (2007). Theory and Metatheory in International Relations: concepts and contending accounts. Nueva York, United States: Palgrave MacMillan.
Cho, Y. C., & Ahn, M. S. (2017). Taiwan’s international visibility in the twenty-first century: A suggestive note. International Journal, 72 (1), 79-90.
Chu, Y., y Lin, C. (2003). “Consolidating Taiwan’s New Democracy amid Competing National Identities”. En L. Fernández-Stembridge and T. Fisac. (Ed.), China Today: Economic Reforms, Social Cohesion and Collective Identities (pp. 240-267). Londres, England: Routledge Curzon.
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Degnbol-Martiussen, J. y Engber-Pedersen, P. (2003). Aid: Understanding International Development Cooperation. Londres, England: Zed Books.
Eskildsen, R. (2005). Taiwan: A Periphery in Search of a Narrative. The Journal of Asian Studies, 64 (2), 281-294.
Fabry, M. (2010). Recognizing States. International Society and the Establishment of New States since 1776. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
Fell, D. (2011). “The polarization of Taiwan’s Party Competition in the DPP era”. En R. Ash, J. W. Garver, & P. B. Prime. (Ed.), Taiwan’s democracy: economic and political challenges (pp. 75-97). Londres, England: Routledge.
Garver, J. W. (2011). “Introduction: Taiwan’s democratic consolidation”. En R. Ash, J. W. Garver, & P. B. Prime. (Ed.), Taiwan’s democracy: economic and political challenges (pp. 1-34). Londres, England: Routledge.
Griffiths, M., O’Callaghan, T. y Roach, S. (2008). International Relations: The Key Concepts. Nueva York, United States: Routledge.
Genest, M.A. (2004). Conflict and Cooperation: evolving theories of International Relations. California, United States: Wadsworth Publishing Belmont.
George Wei, C.X. (2012). “U.S.-China Relations and Its Impact on the Reconstruction of National Identity in Taiwan”. En B. Guo y Chung-chian Teng. (Ed.), Taiwan and the Rise of China (pp. 51-72). Lanham, United States: Lexington Books.
Gold, T. (2008). “Taiwan’s Quest for Identity in the Shadow of China”. En D. Fell. (Ed.), The Politics of Modern Taiwan (pp. 83-103). Londres, England: Routledge.
Hobson, J. (2000). The State and the International Relations. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Hopf, T. (1998). The Promise of Constructivism in International Relations Theory. International Security, 23 (1), 171-200.
International Cooperation and Development Fund. (2017). TaiwanICDF Annual Report 2016. Taipei: TAiwanICDF. Recuperado de: https://www.icdf.org.tw/ct.asp?xItem=41935&ctNode=29977&mp=2
International Cooperation and Development Fund (2016a). TaiwanICDF: About Us. Recuperado de: http://www.icdf.org.tw/ct.asp?xItem=4479&ctNode=29844&mp=2
International Cooperation and Development Fund. (2016b). TaiwanICDF: Vision and Objectives. Recuperado de: http://www.icdf.org.tw/ct.asp?xItem=4470&CtNode=29840&mp=2
International Cooperation and Development Fund. (2016c). TaiwanICDF: Sources of Funding. Recuperado de: http://www.icdf.org.tw/ct.asp?xItem=4583&CtNode=29845&mp=2
International Cooperation and Development Fund. (2016d). TaiwanICDF: Directions in Strategic Planning. Obtenido de: http://www.icdf.org.tw/ct.asp?xItem=8110&CtNode=30180&mp=2
Kessler, O. (2016). The Contingency of Constructivism: On Norms, the Social, and the Third. Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 45 (1), 43-63.
Klintworth, G. (1996). Taiwan’s International Identity: 400 Years in the Melting Pot. The Journal of East Asia Affairs, 10 (2), 373-394.
Kondoh, H. (2012). “Taiwan´s Foreign Aid: Seeking Statehood”. En Hyo-sook Kim y D. M. Potter. (Ed.), Foreign Aid Competition in Northeast Asia (pp. 81-104). Sterling (Virginia), United States: Kumarian Press.
Kowert, P. (1998). “Agent versus Structure in the Construction of National Identity”. En V. Kublákova, N. Onuf y P. Kowert. (Ed.), International Relations in a Constructed World (pp. 101-122). Nueva York, United States: M.E. Sharpe.
Kratochwil, F. (1989). Rules, Norms, and Decisions: On the Conditions of Practical and Legal Reasoning in International Relations and Domestic Affairs. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Lemus, D. (2014). Identidad, Democracia y Legitimidad: la Experiencia Taiwanesa. Perspectives: Portuguese Journal of Political Science and International Relations, 12 (1), 38-55.
McAllister, I. (2016). Democratic consolidation in Taiwan in comparative perspective. Asian Journal of Comparative Politics, 1 (1), 44-61.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of China. (2017). Policies and Issues: Diplomatic Allies. Recuperado de: http://www.mofa.gov.tw/en/AlliesIndex.aspx?n=DF6F8F246049F8D6&sms=A76B7230ADF29736
Onuf, N. (1998). “Constructivism: An User Manual”. En V. Kublákova, N. Onuf y P. Kowert. (Ed.), International Relations in a Constructed World (pp. 58-78). Nueva York, United States: M. E. Sharpe.
Phillips, A. B. (2007). “Constructivism”. En M. Griffiths. (Ed.), International Relations Theory for the Twenty-First Century: An introduction (pp. 60-74). Nueva York, United States: Routledge.
Rich, T. S. (2011). “Renting Allies and Selling Sovereignty: Taiwan´s struggle for Diplomatic Recognition”. En C. Clark. (Ed.), The Changing Dynamics among China, Taiwan and United States (pp. 175-190). Newcastle upon Tyne, England: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Riddell, R. (2007). Does Foreign Aid Really Work?. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
Ringmar, E. (2016). “Introduction: the International Politics of Recognition”. En T. Lindemann y E. Ringmar. (Ed.), The International Politics of Recognition (pp. 3-24). Nueva York, United States: Routledge.
Reus-Smit, C. (2008). Reading History through Constructivist Eyes. Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 37 (2), 395-414.
Rowe, W.T. (2012). China’s Last Empire: The Great Qing. Cambridge, MA, United States: Belknap Press.
Teng, C. (2007). “Hegemony or Partnership: China’s Strategic and Diplomacy Toward Latin America”. En J. Eisenman, E. Heginbotham y D. Mitcell. (Ed.), China and the Development World (pp. 84-112). Nueva York, United States: M.E. Sharpe.
The Constitution of the Republic of China. (2000). Chapter XIII: Fundamental National Policies. Recuperado de: http://www.taiwandocuments.org/constitution01.htm#C013_
Yu, P.K. y Kao, S.F. (2012). “Taipei´s Strategy: Seeking More Diplomatic Ties or More International Regimes”. En B. Guo y Chung-chian Teng. (Ed.), Taiwan and the Rise of China (pp. 73-88). Lanham, United States: Lexington Books.
Wachman, A. (1994). Taiwan: National Identity and Democratization. Nueva York, United States: M.E. Sharpe.
Wang, T.Y. (2000). One China, One Taiwan: An Analysis of the Democratic Progressive Party’s China Policy. Journal of Asian & African Studies, 35 (1), 159-182.
Wendt, A. (1992). Anarchy is what states make of it: the social construction of the power politics. International Organization, 46 (2), 391-425.
Winkler, S. (2012). Taiwan’s UN Dilemma: To Be or Not to Be. Recuperado de: https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/taiwans-un-dilemma-to-be-or-not-to-be/
Wong, T.K. (2001). From Ethnic to Civic Nationalism: The Formation and Changing Nature of Taiwanese Identity. Asian Perspective, 25 (3), 175-206.
Brown, M. J (2004). Is Taiwan Chinese?: the impact of culture, power, and migration on changing identities. Berkeley, United States: University of California Press.
Bush, R.C. (2005). Untying the Knot: Making Peace in the Taiwan Strait. Washington, D.C., United States: Brookings Institution Press.
Chan, G. (1997). Taiwan as an Emerging Foreign Aid Donor: Developments, Problems, and Prospects. Pacific Affairs, 70 (1), 37-56.
Chen, R. (2014). Reconstructed nationalism in Taiwan: a politicised and economically driven identity. Nation and Nationalism, 20 (3), 523-545.
Chernoff, F. (2007). Theory and Metatheory in International Relations: concepts and contending accounts. Nueva York, United States: Palgrave MacMillan.
Cho, Y. C., & Ahn, M. S. (2017). Taiwan’s international visibility in the twenty-first century: A suggestive note. International Journal, 72 (1), 79-90.
Chu, Y., y Lin, C. (2003). “Consolidating Taiwan’s New Democracy amid Competing National Identities”. En L. Fernández-Stembridge and T. Fisac. (Ed.), China Today: Economic Reforms, Social Cohesion and Collective Identities (pp. 240-267). Londres, England: Routledge Curzon.
Connelly, M. (2012). “Presencia de China y Taiwán en América Latina”. En B. Creutzfeldt. (Ed.), China en América Latina: reflexiones sobre las relaciones transpacíficas (pp. 125-150). Bogotá, Colombia: Universidad Externado de Colombia.
Damm, J. (2011). “From ‘Overseas Chinese’ to ‘Overseas Taiwanese’: questions of identity and belonging: Domestic, Regional and Global Perspectives”. En G. Schubert and J. Damm. (Ed.), Taiwanese Identity in the 21st Century (pp. 51-71). Londres, England: Routledge.
Degnbol-Martiussen, J. y Engber-Pedersen, P. (2003). Aid: Understanding International Development Cooperation. Londres, England: Zed Books.
Eskildsen, R. (2005). Taiwan: A Periphery in Search of a Narrative. The Journal of Asian Studies, 64 (2), 281-294.
Fabry, M. (2010). Recognizing States. International Society and the Establishment of New States since 1776. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
Fell, D. (2011). “The polarization of Taiwan’s Party Competition in the DPP era”. En R. Ash, J. W. Garver, & P. B. Prime. (Ed.), Taiwan’s democracy: economic and political challenges (pp. 75-97). Londres, England: Routledge.
Garver, J. W. (2011). “Introduction: Taiwan’s democratic consolidation”. En R. Ash, J. W. Garver, & P. B. Prime. (Ed.), Taiwan’s democracy: economic and political challenges (pp. 1-34). Londres, England: Routledge.
Griffiths, M., O’Callaghan, T. y Roach, S. (2008). International Relations: The Key Concepts. Nueva York, United States: Routledge.
Genest, M.A. (2004). Conflict and Cooperation: evolving theories of International Relations. California, United States: Wadsworth Publishing Belmont.
George Wei, C.X. (2012). “U.S.-China Relations and Its Impact on the Reconstruction of National Identity in Taiwan”. En B. Guo y Chung-chian Teng. (Ed.), Taiwan and the Rise of China (pp. 51-72). Lanham, United States: Lexington Books.
Gold, T. (2008). “Taiwan’s Quest for Identity in the Shadow of China”. En D. Fell. (Ed.), The Politics of Modern Taiwan (pp. 83-103). Londres, England: Routledge.
Hobson, J. (2000). The State and the International Relations. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Hopf, T. (1998). The Promise of Constructivism in International Relations Theory. International Security, 23 (1), 171-200.
International Cooperation and Development Fund. (2017). TaiwanICDF Annual Report 2016. Taipei: TAiwanICDF. Recuperado de: https://www.icdf.org.tw/ct.asp?xItem=41935&ctNode=29977&mp=2
International Cooperation and Development Fund (2016a). TaiwanICDF: About Us. Recuperado de: http://www.icdf.org.tw/ct.asp?xItem=4479&ctNode=29844&mp=2
International Cooperation and Development Fund. (2016b). TaiwanICDF: Vision and Objectives. Recuperado de: http://www.icdf.org.tw/ct.asp?xItem=4470&CtNode=29840&mp=2
International Cooperation and Development Fund. (2016c). TaiwanICDF: Sources of Funding. Recuperado de: http://www.icdf.org.tw/ct.asp?xItem=4583&CtNode=29845&mp=2
International Cooperation and Development Fund. (2016d). TaiwanICDF: Directions in Strategic Planning. Obtenido de: http://www.icdf.org.tw/ct.asp?xItem=8110&CtNode=30180&mp=2
Kessler, O. (2016). The Contingency of Constructivism: On Norms, the Social, and the Third. Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 45 (1), 43-63.
Klintworth, G. (1996). Taiwan’s International Identity: 400 Years in the Melting Pot. The Journal of East Asia Affairs, 10 (2), 373-394.
Kondoh, H. (2012). “Taiwan´s Foreign Aid: Seeking Statehood”. En Hyo-sook Kim y D. M. Potter. (Ed.), Foreign Aid Competition in Northeast Asia (pp. 81-104). Sterling (Virginia), United States: Kumarian Press.
Kowert, P. (1998). “Agent versus Structure in the Construction of National Identity”. En V. Kublákova, N. Onuf y P. Kowert. (Ed.), International Relations in a Constructed World (pp. 101-122). Nueva York, United States: M.E. Sharpe.
Kratochwil, F. (1989). Rules, Norms, and Decisions: On the Conditions of Practical and Legal Reasoning in International Relations and Domestic Affairs. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Lemus, D. (2014). Identidad, Democracia y Legitimidad: la Experiencia Taiwanesa. Perspectives: Portuguese Journal of Political Science and International Relations, 12 (1), 38-55.
McAllister, I. (2016). Democratic consolidation in Taiwan in comparative perspective. Asian Journal of Comparative Politics, 1 (1), 44-61.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of China. (2017). Policies and Issues: Diplomatic Allies. Recuperado de: http://www.mofa.gov.tw/en/AlliesIndex.aspx?n=DF6F8F246049F8D6&sms=A76B7230ADF29736
Onuf, N. (1998). “Constructivism: An User Manual”. En V. Kublákova, N. Onuf y P. Kowert. (Ed.), International Relations in a Constructed World (pp. 58-78). Nueva York, United States: M. E. Sharpe.
Phillips, A. B. (2007). “Constructivism”. En M. Griffiths. (Ed.), International Relations Theory for the Twenty-First Century: An introduction (pp. 60-74). Nueva York, United States: Routledge.
Rich, T. S. (2011). “Renting Allies and Selling Sovereignty: Taiwan´s struggle for Diplomatic Recognition”. En C. Clark. (Ed.), The Changing Dynamics among China, Taiwan and United States (pp. 175-190). Newcastle upon Tyne, England: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Riddell, R. (2007). Does Foreign Aid Really Work?. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
Ringmar, E. (2016). “Introduction: the International Politics of Recognition”. En T. Lindemann y E. Ringmar. (Ed.), The International Politics of Recognition (pp. 3-24). Nueva York, United States: Routledge.
Reus-Smit, C. (2008). Reading History through Constructivist Eyes. Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 37 (2), 395-414.
Rowe, W.T. (2012). China’s Last Empire: The Great Qing. Cambridge, MA, United States: Belknap Press.
Teng, C. (2007). “Hegemony or Partnership: China’s Strategic and Diplomacy Toward Latin America”. En J. Eisenman, E. Heginbotham y D. Mitcell. (Ed.), China and the Development World (pp. 84-112). Nueva York, United States: M.E. Sharpe.
The Constitution of the Republic of China. (2000). Chapter XIII: Fundamental National Policies. Recuperado de: http://www.taiwandocuments.org/constitution01.htm#C013_
Yu, P.K. y Kao, S.F. (2012). “Taipei´s Strategy: Seeking More Diplomatic Ties or More International Regimes”. En B. Guo y Chung-chian Teng. (Ed.), Taiwan and the Rise of China (pp. 73-88). Lanham, United States: Lexington Books.
Wachman, A. (1994). Taiwan: National Identity and Democratization. Nueva York, United States: M.E. Sharpe.
Wang, T.Y. (2000). One China, One Taiwan: An Analysis of the Democratic Progressive Party’s China Policy. Journal of Asian & African Studies, 35 (1), 159-182.
Wendt, A. (1992). Anarchy is what states make of it: the social construction of the power politics. International Organization, 46 (2), 391-425.
Winkler, S. (2012). Taiwan’s UN Dilemma: To Be or Not to Be. Recuperado de: https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/taiwans-un-dilemma-to-be-or-not-to-be/
Wong, T.K. (2001). From Ethnic to Civic Nationalism: The Formation and Changing Nature of Taiwanese Identity. Asian Perspective, 25 (3), 175-206.
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