Principios de justicia distributiva en trabajos experimentales con niños pertenecientes a sociedades de pequeña escala
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Rafael-Gonzalo Angarita-Cáceres
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Angarita-Cáceres, R.-G. (2021). Principios de justicia distributiva en trabajos experimentales con niños pertenecientes a sociedades de pequeña escala. Revista Guillermo De Ockham, 19(2), 233–248. https://doi.org/10.21500/22563202.4799 (Original work published 31 de agosto de 2021)
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Resumen
Los trabajos experimentales que tienen por objeto examinar principios de justicia distributiva en niños, pueden ser leídos desde la procedencia de los participantes. En el desarrollo de esta idea, se han seleccionado aquellos estudios que incluyen niños de sociedades de pequeña escala. La lectura crítica propuesta a partir de esta revisión temática permite, en primer lugar, llevar a cabo la distinción entre sociedades de pequeña escala y sociedades no Weird (no occidentales, educadas, industrializadas, ricas y democráticas). Las sociedades de pequeña escala son no Weird, pero las no Weird pueden ser de gran escala. Se determinó, en segundo lugar, que los trabajos de distribución de recursos con sociedades de pequeña escala pueden distinguirse por sus resultados: unos tienden a establecer universales psicológicos; otros identifican diferencias culturales con respecto a sociedades Weird y no Weird.
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Referencias
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Aknin, L. B., Broesch, T., Hamlin, J. K., & Van de Vondervoort, J. W. (2015). Prosocial behavior leads to happiness in a small-scale rural society. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 144(4), 788–795. doi:10.1037/xge0000082.
Aknin, L. B., Barrington-Leigh, C. P., Dunn, E. W., Helliwell, J. F., Burns, J., Biswas-Diener, R., Norton, M. I. (2013). Prosocial spending and well-being: Cross-cultural evidence for a psychological universal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104(4), 635–652. doi:10.1037/a0031578.
Blake, P. R., McAuliffe, K., Corbit, J., Callaghan, T. C., Barry, O., Bowie, A., Kleutsch, L., Kramer, K., Ross, E., Vongsachang, H., Wrangham, R., Warneken, F. (2015). The ontogeny of fairness in seven societies. Nature, 528(7581), 258-261.doi:10.1038/nature15703.
Bliege Bird, R., & Power, E. A. (2015). Prosocial signaling and cooperation among Martu hunters. Evolution and Human Behavior, 36(5), 389–397. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2015.02.003.
Baumard, N., Mascaro, O., & Chevallier, C. (2012). Preschoolers are able to take merit into account when distributing goods. Developmental Psychology, 48(2), 492-498.http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0026598.
Brosnan, S. F., Silk, J. B., Henrich, J., Mareno, M. C., Lambeth, S. P., & Schapiro, S. J. (2009). Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) do not develop contingent reciprocity in an experimental task. Animal Cognition, 12(4), 587–597. doi:10.1007/s10071-009-0218-z.
Brownell, C., Svetlova, M., & Nichols, S. (2009). To Share or Not to Share: When Do Toddlers Respond to Another’s Needs? Infancy, 14(1), 117-130. doi:10.1080/15250000802569868.
Callaghan, T., & Corbit, J. (2018). Early prosocial development across cultures. Current Opinion in Psychology, 20, 102–106. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.07.039.
Callaghan, T., Moll, H., Rakoczy, H., Warneken, F., Liszkowski, U., Behne, T., et al., (2011). Early social cognition in three cultural contexts. Monogr. Soc. Res. Child Dev. 76, 1–142.
Cayón, L. (2013). Etnografía compartida. En: Pienso, luego creo: la teoría makuna del mundo. Bogotá: instituto colombiano de antropología e historia.
Cayón, L. (2018). Etnografía compartida: algunas reflexiones sobre el trabajo de campo con los makuna en la Amazonia colombiana. Anales de Antropología. 52-1 (2018): 35-43.
Chevallier, C., Xu, J., Adachi, K., van der Henst, J-B., Baumard. N. (2015). Preschoolers’ Understanding of Merit in Two Asian Societies. PLOS ONE 10(5): e0114717. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0114717.
Eisenberg, N., Fabes RA, Spinrad TL (2006) Prosocial Development. En: Handbook of Child Psychology, Social, Emotional, and Personality Development. Damon, W., Lerner, RM. y Eisenberg, N. New York: Wiley. pp 646–718.
Fehr, E., Bernhard, H., & Rockenbach, B. (2008). Egalitarianism in young children. Nature, 454(7208), 1079–1083. doi:10.1038/nature07155.
Geertz, C. (1992). Descripción densa, hacia una teoría interpretativa de la cultura. En: La Interpretación de las culturas. Barcelona, Gedisa
Gurven, M. (2004). To give and to give not: The behavioral ecology of human food transfers. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 27(04). doi:10.1017/s0140525x04000123.
Gurven, M., & Winking, J. (2008). Collective action in action: Prosocial behavior in and out of the laboratory. American Anthropologist, 110, 179–190.
Henrich, J., Ensminger, J., McElreath, R., Barr, A., Barrett, C., Bolyanatz, A., Cárdenas, J., Gurven, M., Gwako, E., Henrich, N., Lesorogol, C., Marlowe, F., Tracer, D. and Ziker, J. (2010). Markets, religion, community size, and the evolution of fairness and punishment. Science 327, 1480-1484.
Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010a). Most people are not Weird. Nature, 466, 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/466029a.
Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010b). The Weirdest people in the world? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33, 61–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X0999152X.
House, B. R., Silk, J. B., Henrich, J., Barrett, H. C., Scelza, B. A., Boyette, A. H., Hewlettd, B., McElreath, R., Laurence, S. (2013a). Ontogeny of prosocial behavior across diverse societies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(36), 14586–14591.doi:10.1073/pnas.1221217110.
House, B. R., Henrich, J., Brosnan, S. F., & Silk, J. B. (2012). The ontogeny of human prosociality: behavioral experiments with children aged 3 to 8. Evolution and Human Behavior, 33(4), 291–308. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2011.10.007.
House, B., Henrich, J., Sarnecka, B., & Silk, J. B. (2013b). The development of contingent reciprocity in children. Evolution and Human Behavior, 34(2), 86–93. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2012.10.001.
Huppert, E., Cowell, J. M., Cheng, Y., Contreras-Ibáñez, C., Gomez-Sicard, N., Gonzalez-Gaeda, L. M., Decety, J. (2018). The development of children’s preferences for equality and equity across 13 individualistic and collectivist cultures. Developmental Science, e12729. doi:10.1111/desc.12729.
Liénard, P., Baumard, N., Mascaro, O., Kiura, P., & Chevallier, C. (2013). Early Understanding of Merit in Turkana Children. Journal of Cognition and Culture, 13(1-2), 57–66 doi:10.1163/15685373-12342084.
Lyle, H. F., & Smith, E. A. (2014). The reputational and social network benefits of prosociality in an Andean community. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(13), 4820–4825. doi:10.1073/pnas.1318372111.
Madsen, M., Lancy, D. (1981) Cooperative and competitive behavior experiments related to ethnic identity and urbanization in Papua New Guinea. Journal Cross Cult Psychol 12(4):389–408.
Moore, C (2009) Fairness in children’s resource allocation depends on the recipient. Psychol Sci 20(8):944–948. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40575125.
Paulus, M. (2015). Children’s inequity aversion depends on culture: A cross-cultural comparison. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 132, 240–246. doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2014.12.007.
Rad, M. S., A. J. Martingano, and J. Ginges (2018). Toward a psychology of Homo sapiens: Making psychological science more representative of the human population. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115(45): 11401-11405. doi:10.1073/pnas.1721165115
Rao, N., & Stewart, S. M. (1999). Cultural Influences on Sharer and Recipient Behavior. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 30(2), 219–241. doi:10.1177/0022022199030002005.
Robbins, E., Starr, S., & Rochat, P. (2015). Fairness and Distributive Justice by 3- to 5-Year-Old Tibetan Children. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 47(3), 333–340. doi:10.1177/0022022115620487.
Rochat, P., Dias, M. D. G., Guo Liping, Broesch, T., Passos-Ferreira, C., Winning, A., & Berg, B. (2009). Fairness in Distributive Justice by 3- and 5-Year-Olds Across Seven Cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 40(3), 416–442.doi:10.1177/0022022109332844.
Rochat, P. (2005). Humans evolved to become Homo Negotiatus…the rest followed. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 28(5), 714-715.
Rochat, P. (2006). What does it mean to be human? Journal of Anthropological Psychology, 17, 100-107.
Samek, A., Cowell, J. M., Cappelen, A. W., Cheng, Y., Contreras-Ibáñez, C., Gomez-Sicard, N., Decety, J. (2020). The development of social comparisons and sharing behavior across 12 countries. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 192, 104778. doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2019.104778.
Schäfer, M., Haun, D. B. M., & Tomasello, M. (2015). Fair Is Not Fair Everywhere. Psychological Science, 26(8), 1252–1260. doi:10.1177/0956797615586188.
Silk, J. B., Brosnan, S. F., Vonk, J., Henrich, J., Povinelli, D. J., Richardson, A. S., … Schapiro, S. J. (2005). Chimpanzees are indifferent to the welfare of unrelated group members. Nature, 437(7063), 1357–1359. doi:10.1038/nature04243.
Silk, J. y House B. (2012). The phylogeny and ontogeny of prosocial behavior. En: The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Evolutionary Psychology. Vonk, J. y Shackelford, T. (Edts). New York: Oxford University Press, pp 381–397.
Simmons, J. P., Nelson, L. D., & Simonsohn, U. (2011). False-Positive Psychology. Psychological Science, 22(11), 1359–1366. doi:10.1177/0956797611417632.
Thompson, C., Barresi, J., & Moore, C. (1997). The development of future-oriented prudence and altruism in preschoolers. Cognitive Development, 12(2), 199–212. doi:10.1016/s0885-2014(97)90013-7.
Vitriol, J. A., Gahner Larsen, E., & Ludeke, S. G. (2020). Just as Weird? Personality Traits and Political Attitudes Among Immigrant Minorities. Journal of Research in Personality, 103931. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2020.103931.
Winking, J., Eastwick, P. W., Smith, L. K., & Koster, J. (2018). Applicability of the Investment Model Scale in a natural-fertility population. Personal Relationships. doi:10.1111/pere.12257.
Winking, J., & Koster, J. (2020, February 20). Small-Scale Utilitarianism: High Acceptance of Utilitarian Solutions to Trolley Problems among a Horticultural Population. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/g6tc4.
Wong, M., & Nunes, T. (2003). Hong Kong Children’s Concept of Distributive Justice. Early Child Development and Care, 173(1), 119–129. doi:10.1080/0300443022000022477.
Aknin, L. B., Hamlin, J. K., & Dunn, E. W. (2012). Giving Leads to Happiness in Young Children. Plos One, 7(6), e39211. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0039211.
Aknin, L. B., Broesch, T., Hamlin, J. K., & Van de Vondervoort, J. W. (2015). Prosocial behavior leads to happiness in a small-scale rural society. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 144(4), 788–795. doi:10.1037/xge0000082.
Aknin, L. B., Barrington-Leigh, C. P., Dunn, E. W., Helliwell, J. F., Burns, J., Biswas-Diener, R., Norton, M. I. (2013). Prosocial spending and well-being: Cross-cultural evidence for a psychological universal. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104(4), 635–652. doi:10.1037/a0031578.
Blake, P. R., McAuliffe, K., Corbit, J., Callaghan, T. C., Barry, O., Bowie, A., Kleutsch, L., Kramer, K., Ross, E., Vongsachang, H., Wrangham, R., Warneken, F. (2015). The ontogeny of fairness in seven societies. Nature, 528(7581), 258-261.doi:10.1038/nature15703.
Bliege Bird, R., & Power, E. A. (2015). Prosocial signaling and cooperation among Martu hunters. Evolution and Human Behavior, 36(5), 389–397. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2015.02.003.
Baumard, N., Mascaro, O., & Chevallier, C. (2012). Preschoolers are able to take merit into account when distributing goods. Developmental Psychology, 48(2), 492-498.http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0026598.
Brosnan, S. F., Silk, J. B., Henrich, J., Mareno, M. C., Lambeth, S. P., & Schapiro, S. J. (2009). Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) do not develop contingent reciprocity in an experimental task. Animal Cognition, 12(4), 587–597. doi:10.1007/s10071-009-0218-z.
Brownell, C., Svetlova, M., & Nichols, S. (2009). To Share or Not to Share: When Do Toddlers Respond to Another’s Needs? Infancy, 14(1), 117-130. doi:10.1080/15250000802569868.
Callaghan, T., & Corbit, J. (2018). Early prosocial development across cultures. Current Opinion in Psychology, 20, 102–106. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.07.039.
Callaghan, T., Moll, H., Rakoczy, H., Warneken, F., Liszkowski, U., Behne, T., et al., (2011). Early social cognition in three cultural contexts. Monogr. Soc. Res. Child Dev. 76, 1–142.
Cayón, L. (2013). Etnografía compartida. En: Pienso, luego creo: la teoría makuna del mundo. Bogotá: instituto colombiano de antropología e historia.
Cayón, L. (2018). Etnografía compartida: algunas reflexiones sobre el trabajo de campo con los makuna en la Amazonia colombiana. Anales de Antropología. 52-1 (2018): 35-43.
Chevallier, C., Xu, J., Adachi, K., van der Henst, J-B., Baumard. N. (2015). Preschoolers’ Understanding of Merit in Two Asian Societies. PLOS ONE 10(5): e0114717. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0114717.
Eisenberg, N., Fabes RA, Spinrad TL (2006) Prosocial Development. En: Handbook of Child Psychology, Social, Emotional, and Personality Development. Damon, W., Lerner, RM. y Eisenberg, N. New York: Wiley. pp 646–718.
Fehr, E., Bernhard, H., & Rockenbach, B. (2008). Egalitarianism in young children. Nature, 454(7208), 1079–1083. doi:10.1038/nature07155.
Geertz, C. (1992). Descripción densa, hacia una teoría interpretativa de la cultura. En: La Interpretación de las culturas. Barcelona, Gedisa
Gurven, M. (2004). To give and to give not: The behavioral ecology of human food transfers. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 27(04). doi:10.1017/s0140525x04000123.
Gurven, M., & Winking, J. (2008). Collective action in action: Prosocial behavior in and out of the laboratory. American Anthropologist, 110, 179–190.
Henrich, J., Ensminger, J., McElreath, R., Barr, A., Barrett, C., Bolyanatz, A., Cárdenas, J., Gurven, M., Gwako, E., Henrich, N., Lesorogol, C., Marlowe, F., Tracer, D. and Ziker, J. (2010). Markets, religion, community size, and the evolution of fairness and punishment. Science 327, 1480-1484.
Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010a). Most people are not Weird. Nature, 466, 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/466029a.
Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010b). The Weirdest people in the world? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33, 61–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X0999152X.
House, B. R., Silk, J. B., Henrich, J., Barrett, H. C., Scelza, B. A., Boyette, A. H., Hewlettd, B., McElreath, R., Laurence, S. (2013a). Ontogeny of prosocial behavior across diverse societies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(36), 14586–14591.doi:10.1073/pnas.1221217110.
House, B. R., Henrich, J., Brosnan, S. F., & Silk, J. B. (2012). The ontogeny of human prosociality: behavioral experiments with children aged 3 to 8. Evolution and Human Behavior, 33(4), 291–308. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2011.10.007.
House, B., Henrich, J., Sarnecka, B., & Silk, J. B. (2013b). The development of contingent reciprocity in children. Evolution and Human Behavior, 34(2), 86–93. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2012.10.001.
Huppert, E., Cowell, J. M., Cheng, Y., Contreras-Ibáñez, C., Gomez-Sicard, N., Gonzalez-Gaeda, L. M., Decety, J. (2018). The development of children’s preferences for equality and equity across 13 individualistic and collectivist cultures. Developmental Science, e12729. doi:10.1111/desc.12729.
Liénard, P., Baumard, N., Mascaro, O., Kiura, P., & Chevallier, C. (2013). Early Understanding of Merit in Turkana Children. Journal of Cognition and Culture, 13(1-2), 57–66 doi:10.1163/15685373-12342084.
Lyle, H. F., & Smith, E. A. (2014). The reputational and social network benefits of prosociality in an Andean community. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(13), 4820–4825. doi:10.1073/pnas.1318372111.
Madsen, M., Lancy, D. (1981) Cooperative and competitive behavior experiments related to ethnic identity and urbanization in Papua New Guinea. Journal Cross Cult Psychol 12(4):389–408.
Moore, C (2009) Fairness in children’s resource allocation depends on the recipient. Psychol Sci 20(8):944–948. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40575125.
Paulus, M. (2015). Children’s inequity aversion depends on culture: A cross-cultural comparison. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 132, 240–246. doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2014.12.007.
Rad, M. S., A. J. Martingano, and J. Ginges (2018). Toward a psychology of Homo sapiens: Making psychological science more representative of the human population. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115(45): 11401-11405. doi:10.1073/pnas.1721165115
Rao, N., & Stewart, S. M. (1999). Cultural Influences on Sharer and Recipient Behavior. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 30(2), 219–241. doi:10.1177/0022022199030002005.
Robbins, E., Starr, S., & Rochat, P. (2015). Fairness and Distributive Justice by 3- to 5-Year-Old Tibetan Children. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 47(3), 333–340. doi:10.1177/0022022115620487.
Rochat, P., Dias, M. D. G., Guo Liping, Broesch, T., Passos-Ferreira, C., Winning, A., & Berg, B. (2009). Fairness in Distributive Justice by 3- and 5-Year-Olds Across Seven Cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 40(3), 416–442.doi:10.1177/0022022109332844.
Rochat, P. (2005). Humans evolved to become Homo Negotiatus…the rest followed. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 28(5), 714-715.
Rochat, P. (2006). What does it mean to be human? Journal of Anthropological Psychology, 17, 100-107.
Samek, A., Cowell, J. M., Cappelen, A. W., Cheng, Y., Contreras-Ibáñez, C., Gomez-Sicard, N., Decety, J. (2020). The development of social comparisons and sharing behavior across 12 countries. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 192, 104778. doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2019.104778.
Schäfer, M., Haun, D. B. M., & Tomasello, M. (2015). Fair Is Not Fair Everywhere. Psychological Science, 26(8), 1252–1260. doi:10.1177/0956797615586188.
Silk, J. B., Brosnan, S. F., Vonk, J., Henrich, J., Povinelli, D. J., Richardson, A. S., … Schapiro, S. J. (2005). Chimpanzees are indifferent to the welfare of unrelated group members. Nature, 437(7063), 1357–1359. doi:10.1038/nature04243.
Silk, J. y House B. (2012). The phylogeny and ontogeny of prosocial behavior. En: The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Evolutionary Psychology. Vonk, J. y Shackelford, T. (Edts). New York: Oxford University Press, pp 381–397.
Simmons, J. P., Nelson, L. D., & Simonsohn, U. (2011). False-Positive Psychology. Psychological Science, 22(11), 1359–1366. doi:10.1177/0956797611417632.
Thompson, C., Barresi, J., & Moore, C. (1997). The development of future-oriented prudence and altruism in preschoolers. Cognitive Development, 12(2), 199–212. doi:10.1016/s0885-2014(97)90013-7.
Vitriol, J. A., Gahner Larsen, E., & Ludeke, S. G. (2020). Just as Weird? Personality Traits and Political Attitudes Among Immigrant Minorities. Journal of Research in Personality, 103931. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2020.103931.
Winking, J., Eastwick, P. W., Smith, L. K., & Koster, J. (2018). Applicability of the Investment Model Scale in a natural-fertility population. Personal Relationships. doi:10.1111/pere.12257.
Winking, J., & Koster, J. (2020, February 20). Small-Scale Utilitarianism: High Acceptance of Utilitarian Solutions to Trolley Problems among a Horticultural Population. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/g6tc4.
Wong, M., & Nunes, T. (2003). Hong Kong Children’s Concept of Distributive Justice. Early Child Development and Care, 173(1), 119–129. doi:10.1080/0300443022000022477.
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