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Pereira Martins, L. A.-C. (2024). Retórica en el pensamiento biológico moderno: un estudio de caso de la genética clásica. Revista Guillermo De Ockham, 23(1), 175–187. https://doi.org/10.21500/22563202.7128
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Resumen
Este artículo se centra en el libro The Mechanism of Mendelian Heredity (1915) de T. H. Morgan (1866-1945), Alfred H. Sturtevant (1891-1970), Herman J. Muller (1890-1967) y Calvin B. Bridges (1889-1938). Considerado por algunos como un hito en genética, convenció a personas especializadas y no especializadas, en su momento, de que la teoría estaba establecida a pesar de sus problemas cruciales. Su objetivo es discutir los recursos retóricos que los autores utilizaron para persuadir a esas personas. La metodología comprende el análisis de fuentes primarias, además del texto de Morgan et al. (1915), y fuentes secundarias que tratan el tema, incluyendo algunos trabajos de la autora de este artículo relacionados con la temática y su representación en la ciencia. El estudio concluyó que Morgan et al. (1915) utilizaron su discurso, dibujos y diagramas, sin acompañarlos de fotografías, principalmente en aspectos de la teoría donde la evidencia era escasa, dando una falsa impresión de que todo estaba claro. Es posible encontrar una simplificación histórica de los hechos para reforzar los argumentos de los autores, falta de discusión de explicaciones alternativas, diagramas que representan objetos ideales que no observaron y ejemplos teóricos que entran en conflicto con los datos numéricos de sus artículos anteriores. Además, no presentaron problemas o dificultades en relación con su teoría. Todo esto contribuyó para que algunas características problemáticas de la teoría no se evidenciaran y se aceptaran.
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Referencias
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Allen, G. E. (1972). Introduction. In T. H. Morgan, A. H. Sturtevant, H. J. Muller and C. B. Bridges, The mechanism of Mendelian heredity (pp. v–xxv). Johnson Reprint. (Original work published 1915)
Allen, G. E. (1978). Thomas Hunt Morgan: The man and his science. Princeton University Press.
Bateson, W. (1916). The Mechanism of Mendelian Heredity. By T. H. Morgan, A. H. Sturtevant, H. J. Muller, and C. B. Bridges. Henry Holt and Company, New York. 1915. Science, 44(1137), 536–543. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.44.1137.536
Bateson, W., & Punnett, R. C. (1905). A suggestion as to the nature of the “walnut” comb in fowls. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 13, 165–168.
Bateson, W., & Punnett, R. C. (1911). On gametic series involving reduplication of certain terms. Journal of Genetics, 1, 293–302. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02981554
Baxter, A. L., & Farley, J. (1979). Mendel and meiosis. Journal of the History of Biology, 12(1), 137–171. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4330729
Bonnevie, K. (1907). “Heterotypical” mitosis in Nereis limbata (Ehlers). Biological Bulletin, 13, 57–83.
Brunelli, A. (2017). O desenvolvimento do conceito de linkage (1902-1915): uma contribuição histórica para o Ensino de genética [Master’s thesis, Universidade de São Paulo]. Biblioteca Digital USP. https://doi.org/10.11606/D.81.2015.tde-20072015-102850
Brush, S. G. (2002). How theories became knowledge: Morgan’s chromosome theory of heredity in America and Britain. Journal of the History of Biology, 35(3), 471–535. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021175231599
Cannon, W. A. (1902). A cytological basis for Mendelian laws. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, 29(12), 657–661.
Coleman, W. (1963). Cell, nucleus, and inheritance: An historical study. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 109, 124–158.
Correns, C. (1902). Über den Modus und den Zeitpunket der Spaltung der Anlagen bei Bastarden der Erbsen-Typus. Bot. Zeit., 60(2), 65–68.
Creighton, H. B., & McClintock, B. (1931). A correlation of cytological and genetical crossingover in Zea mays. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 17(8), 492–497. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.17.8.49
Doncaster, L. (1915). Chromosomes, heredity, and sex, a review of the present state of the evidence with regard to the material basis of hereditary transmission and sex determination. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, 59, 487–521.
Durbano, J. P. D. M. (2015) As pesquisas de Barbara McClintock sobre o crossing-over em Zea mays: 1925-1932. Filosofia e História da Biologia, 10(1), 49–65. https://www.abfhib.org/FHB/FHB-10-1/FHB-10-1-04-Joao-Durbano.pdf
Durbano, J. P. D. M. (2017). O desenvolvimento do conceito de crossing-over 1915-1935: uma introdução histórica para o ensino de genética [Doctoral thesis, Universidade de São Paulo]. Biblioteca Digital USP. https://doi.org/10.11606/T.59.2017.tde-09112020-101836
Gilbert, S. F. (1991). Epigenetic landscaping: Waddington’s use of cell fate bifurcation diagrams. Biology and Philosophy, 6(2), 135–154. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02426835
Ibarra, A., & Mormann, T. (2005). Interactive representations. Revista de Estudios sobre Representaciones en Arte, Ciencia y Filosofía, 1(1), 1–20.
Janssens, F. A. (1909). Spermatogénèse dans les batraciens, V. La théorie de la chiasmatypie, nouvelle interprétation des cinèses de maturation. La Cellule, 25, 389–406.
Lynch, M. (1991). Science in the age of mechanical reproduction: Moral and epistemic relations between diagrams and photographs. Biology and Philosophy, 6, 205–226. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02426838
Maienschein, J. (1991). From presentation to representation in E. B. Wilson’s The Cell. Biology and Philosophy, 6, 227–254. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02426839
Martins, L. A-C. P. (1997). A teoria cromossômica da herança, proposta, fundamentação, crítica e aceitação [Doctoral thesis, Universidade Estadual de Campinas]. Sophia. https://doi.org/10.47749/T/UNICAMP.1997.781732
Martins, L. A-C. P. (1998). Thomas Hunt Morgan e a teoria cromossômica: de crítico a defensor. Episteme: Filosofia e História das Ciências em Revista, 3(6), 100–126.
Martins, L. A-C. P. (1999). Did Sutton and Boveri propose the so-called Sutton-Boveri chromosome hypothesis? Genetics and Molecular Biology, 22(2), 261–271. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-47571999000200022
Martins, L. A-C. P. (2002). Bateson e o programa de pesquisa mendeliano. Episteme: Filosofia e História da Ciência em Revista, (14), 27–55.
Martins, L. A-C. P. (2005). História da ciência, objetos, métodos e problemas. Ciência & Educação, 11(2), 305–317. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-73132005000200011
Martins, L. A-C. P. (2007). El papel de las representaciones pictóricas en la ciencia: Wilson, Morgan y la teoría cromosómica. Representaciones: Revista de Estudios sobre Representaciones en Arte, Ciencia y Filosofía, 3(2), 77–96.
Martins, L. A-C. P. (2010). The dissemination of the chromosome theory of Mendelian heredity by Morgan and his collaborators around 1916: A case study on the distortion of science by scientists. Filosofia e História da Biologia, 5(2), 327–367.
Mayr, E. (1982). The growth of biological thought: Diversity, evolution, and inheritance. Harvard University Press.
Mendel, G. (1966). Experiments in plant hybridization. In C. Stern and E. Sherwood (Eds.), The origins of genetics: A Mendel source book (pp. 1–48). W. Frieman and Company. (Original work published 1866)
Moore, J. A. (1986). Science as a way of knowing-genetics. American Zoologist, 26(3), 583–747. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/26.3.583
Morgan, T. H. (1909). What are “factors” in Mendelian explanations? American Breeders Association Report, 5, 365–368.
Morgan, T. H. (1910). Chromosomes and heredity. The American Naturalist, 44(524), 449–496. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2455783
Morgan, T. H. (1914). No crossing over in the male of Drosophila of genes in the second and third pairs of chromosomes. Biological Bulletin, 26(4), 195–204.
Morgan, T. H., Sturtevant, A. H., Muller, H. J., & Bridges, C. B. (1915). The mechanism of Mendelian heredity. H. Holt and Company.
Portugal, F. H., & Cohen, J. S. (1977). A century of DNA: A history of the discovery of the structure and function of genetic substance. The MIT Press.
Stern, C. J. (1931). Zytologisch-genetische Untersuchungenals Beweise fur die Morganschetheorie des Faktorenaustausches. Biologisches Zentralblatt, 51, 547–587.
Sturtevant, A. H. (2011). A history of genetics. Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory Press. (Original work published 1965)
Sutton, W. S. (1902). On the morphology of the chromosome group in Brachystola magna. Biological Bulletin, 4, 24–39.
Sutton, W. S. (1903). The chromosomes in heredity. Biological Bulletin, 4, 231–251.
Swinburne, R. G. (1962). The presence-and-absence theory. Annals of Science, 18(3), 131–145. http://doi.org/10.1080/00033796200202762
Taylor, P. J., & Blum, A. S. (1991). Pictorial representation in biology. Biology and Philosophy, 6, 125–134. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02426834
The Mechanism of Mendelian Heredity. (1916). Nature, 97(2423), 117–118. https://doi.org/10.1038/097117a0
Trow, A. H. (1916). A criticism of the hypothesis of linkage and crossing-over. Journal of Genetics, 5(4), 281–297.
Wilson, E. B. (1909). Studies on chromosomes V. The “accessory” chromosome of Metapodius. A contribution to the hypothesis of the genetic continuity of chromosomes. The Journal of Experimental Zoology, 6(2), 147–205. https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.1400060202
Wilson, E. B. (1912). Studies on chromosomes VIII. Observations on the maturation phenomena in certain hemipter and other forms, with considerations on synapsis and reduction. The Journal of Experimental Zoology, 13(3), 345–449. https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.1400130302
Allen, G. E. (1972). Introduction. In T. H. Morgan, A. H. Sturtevant, H. J. Muller and C. B. Bridges, The mechanism of Mendelian heredity (pp. v–xxv). Johnson Reprint. (Original work published 1915)
Allen, G. E. (1978). Thomas Hunt Morgan: The man and his science. Princeton University Press.
Bateson, W. (1916). The Mechanism of Mendelian Heredity. By T. H. Morgan, A. H. Sturtevant, H. J. Muller, and C. B. Bridges. Henry Holt and Company, New York. 1915. Science, 44(1137), 536–543. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.44.1137.536
Bateson, W., & Punnett, R. C. (1905). A suggestion as to the nature of the “walnut” comb in fowls. Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 13, 165–168.
Bateson, W., & Punnett, R. C. (1911). On gametic series involving reduplication of certain terms. Journal of Genetics, 1, 293–302. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02981554
Baxter, A. L., & Farley, J. (1979). Mendel and meiosis. Journal of the History of Biology, 12(1), 137–171. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4330729
Bonnevie, K. (1907). “Heterotypical” mitosis in Nereis limbata (Ehlers). Biological Bulletin, 13, 57–83.
Brunelli, A. (2017). O desenvolvimento do conceito de linkage (1902-1915): uma contribuição histórica para o Ensino de genética [Master’s thesis, Universidade de São Paulo]. Biblioteca Digital USP. https://doi.org/10.11606/D.81.2015.tde-20072015-102850
Brush, S. G. (2002). How theories became knowledge: Morgan’s chromosome theory of heredity in America and Britain. Journal of the History of Biology, 35(3), 471–535. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021175231599
Cannon, W. A. (1902). A cytological basis for Mendelian laws. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, 29(12), 657–661.
Coleman, W. (1963). Cell, nucleus, and inheritance: An historical study. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 109, 124–158.
Correns, C. (1902). Über den Modus und den Zeitpunket der Spaltung der Anlagen bei Bastarden der Erbsen-Typus. Bot. Zeit., 60(2), 65–68.
Creighton, H. B., & McClintock, B. (1931). A correlation of cytological and genetical crossingover in Zea mays. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 17(8), 492–497. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.17.8.49
Doncaster, L. (1915). Chromosomes, heredity, and sex, a review of the present state of the evidence with regard to the material basis of hereditary transmission and sex determination. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, 59, 487–521.
Durbano, J. P. D. M. (2015) As pesquisas de Barbara McClintock sobre o crossing-over em Zea mays: 1925-1932. Filosofia e História da Biologia, 10(1), 49–65. https://www.abfhib.org/FHB/FHB-10-1/FHB-10-1-04-Joao-Durbano.pdf
Durbano, J. P. D. M. (2017). O desenvolvimento do conceito de crossing-over 1915-1935: uma introdução histórica para o ensino de genética [Doctoral thesis, Universidade de São Paulo]. Biblioteca Digital USP. https://doi.org/10.11606/T.59.2017.tde-09112020-101836
Gilbert, S. F. (1991). Epigenetic landscaping: Waddington’s use of cell fate bifurcation diagrams. Biology and Philosophy, 6(2), 135–154. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02426835
Ibarra, A., & Mormann, T. (2005). Interactive representations. Revista de Estudios sobre Representaciones en Arte, Ciencia y Filosofía, 1(1), 1–20.
Janssens, F. A. (1909). Spermatogénèse dans les batraciens, V. La théorie de la chiasmatypie, nouvelle interprétation des cinèses de maturation. La Cellule, 25, 389–406.
Lynch, M. (1991). Science in the age of mechanical reproduction: Moral and epistemic relations between diagrams and photographs. Biology and Philosophy, 6, 205–226. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02426838
Maienschein, J. (1991). From presentation to representation in E. B. Wilson’s The Cell. Biology and Philosophy, 6, 227–254. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02426839
Martins, L. A-C. P. (1997). A teoria cromossômica da herança, proposta, fundamentação, crítica e aceitação [Doctoral thesis, Universidade Estadual de Campinas]. Sophia. https://doi.org/10.47749/T/UNICAMP.1997.781732
Martins, L. A-C. P. (1998). Thomas Hunt Morgan e a teoria cromossômica: de crítico a defensor. Episteme: Filosofia e História das Ciências em Revista, 3(6), 100–126.
Martins, L. A-C. P. (1999). Did Sutton and Boveri propose the so-called Sutton-Boveri chromosome hypothesis? Genetics and Molecular Biology, 22(2), 261–271. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-47571999000200022
Martins, L. A-C. P. (2002). Bateson e o programa de pesquisa mendeliano. Episteme: Filosofia e História da Ciência em Revista, (14), 27–55.
Martins, L. A-C. P. (2005). História da ciência, objetos, métodos e problemas. Ciência & Educação, 11(2), 305–317. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-73132005000200011
Martins, L. A-C. P. (2007). El papel de las representaciones pictóricas en la ciencia: Wilson, Morgan y la teoría cromosómica. Representaciones: Revista de Estudios sobre Representaciones en Arte, Ciencia y Filosofía, 3(2), 77–96.
Martins, L. A-C. P. (2010). The dissemination of the chromosome theory of Mendelian heredity by Morgan and his collaborators around 1916: A case study on the distortion of science by scientists. Filosofia e História da Biologia, 5(2), 327–367.
Mayr, E. (1982). The growth of biological thought: Diversity, evolution, and inheritance. Harvard University Press.
Mendel, G. (1966). Experiments in plant hybridization. In C. Stern and E. Sherwood (Eds.), The origins of genetics: A Mendel source book (pp. 1–48). W. Frieman and Company. (Original work published 1866)
Moore, J. A. (1986). Science as a way of knowing-genetics. American Zoologist, 26(3), 583–747. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/26.3.583
Morgan, T. H. (1909). What are “factors” in Mendelian explanations? American Breeders Association Report, 5, 365–368.
Morgan, T. H. (1910). Chromosomes and heredity. The American Naturalist, 44(524), 449–496. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2455783
Morgan, T. H. (1914). No crossing over in the male of Drosophila of genes in the second and third pairs of chromosomes. Biological Bulletin, 26(4), 195–204.
Morgan, T. H., Sturtevant, A. H., Muller, H. J., & Bridges, C. B. (1915). The mechanism of Mendelian heredity. H. Holt and Company.
Portugal, F. H., & Cohen, J. S. (1977). A century of DNA: A history of the discovery of the structure and function of genetic substance. The MIT Press.
Stern, C. J. (1931). Zytologisch-genetische Untersuchungenals Beweise fur die Morganschetheorie des Faktorenaustausches. Biologisches Zentralblatt, 51, 547–587.
Sturtevant, A. H. (2011). A history of genetics. Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory Press. (Original work published 1965)
Sutton, W. S. (1902). On the morphology of the chromosome group in Brachystola magna. Biological Bulletin, 4, 24–39.
Sutton, W. S. (1903). The chromosomes in heredity. Biological Bulletin, 4, 231–251.
Swinburne, R. G. (1962). The presence-and-absence theory. Annals of Science, 18(3), 131–145. http://doi.org/10.1080/00033796200202762
Taylor, P. J., & Blum, A. S. (1991). Pictorial representation in biology. Biology and Philosophy, 6, 125–134. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02426834
The Mechanism of Mendelian Heredity. (1916). Nature, 97(2423), 117–118. https://doi.org/10.1038/097117a0
Trow, A. H. (1916). A criticism of the hypothesis of linkage and crossing-over. Journal of Genetics, 5(4), 281–297.
Wilson, E. B. (1909). Studies on chromosomes V. The “accessory” chromosome of Metapodius. A contribution to the hypothesis of the genetic continuity of chromosomes. The Journal of Experimental Zoology, 6(2), 147–205. https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.1400060202
Wilson, E. B. (1912). Studies on chromosomes VIII. Observations on the maturation phenomena in certain hemipter and other forms, with considerations on synapsis and reduction. The Journal of Experimental Zoology, 13(3), 345–449. https://doi.org/10.1002/jez.1400130302
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