Claves de las migraciones afroeuropeas. Extracto del mayor desastre humanitario
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Gomariz Acuña, T. P., & Barbeito Iglesias, R. L. (2022). Claves de las migraciones afroeuropeas. Extracto del mayor desastre humanitario. Revista Guillermo De Ockham, 20(1), 145–159. https://doi.org/10.21500/22563202.5636 (Original work published 16 de Março de 2022)
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Resumo
La crisis humanitaria en la frontera afroeuropea urge a revisar las políticas europeas de migración y refugio. Asunto dado por las concepciones ultraproteccionistas europeas. En realidad, las migraciones mediterráneas y africanas no justifican todas estas reservas. Las políticas europeas están creando daños personales irreparables y perjuicios a los fundamentos de nuestro ordenamiento, además de ayudar al crimen organizado. Conjunto de cosas analizados en este artículo, contrastando las principales medidas practicadas con los malos resultados obtenidos. Cuestión de donde sólo surge el clamor contra las posturas restrictivas que se han desarrollado sobre las migraciones. Lamentablemente, con ello, nadie puede eludir la responsabilidad de Europa en el mayor desastre en esta materia.
Referências
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Lijn, J. (2017). For the long run. A mapping of migration-related activities in the wider Sahel region. Clingendael, Netherlands Institute of International Relations.
Malakooti, A. (2013). Mixed migration: Libia at the Crossroads. Paris, Altai Consulting and UNHCR, pp. 39-41.
Malakooti, A. (2020). The intersection of Irregular Migration and Trafficking in West Africa and the Sahel. Geneva, Switzerland, Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime.
Malik, N. (2016). Bashir Comes in From the Cold. Foreign Policy, julio 31.
Micallef, M. (2019). The Human Conveyor Belt Broken. Assesing the collapse of the human- smugling industry in Libya and the central Sahel. Geneva, Switzerland, Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime.
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Molenaar, F., Tubian, J. & Warin, C. (2018). Caught in the middle. A human rights and peace- building approach to migration governance in the Sahel. Clingendael Institute of International Relations, CRU Report, December 2019, pp. 15-34.
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Patton, C. (2015). Libia: Scores Killed in Ethnic Clashes for Control of South´s People-trafficking Routes. International Business Times, 23 July.
Pomares Cinta, E. (2015). La Unión Europea ante la inmigración ilegal. La institucionalización del odio. En Eunomía. Revista en Cultura de la Legalidad, nº 7, pp. 143-174.
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Reitano, T., McComack, S., Micallef, M & Shaw, M. (2018). Responding to the Human Trafficking-Migrants Smuggling Nexus, with a focus on the situation in Libya. Geneva, Switzerland, Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime.
Roderick, P. & Monnet, J. (2016). Migration in the Mediterranean: Origins and Characteristics, Dossier: Mobility and Refugee Crisis in the Mediterranean, Barcelona, Instituto Europeo del Mediterráneo (IEMed), pp. 91-97.
SAHAN-IGAD (2016). Human Trafficking and Smugglin on the Horn of Africa- Central Mediterranean Route. Adis Abeba, February, Sahan Foundation and IGAD Security Sector Program.
Schoofs, S. (2015). Making sense of informal economies in fragile contexts. CRU Policy Brief, La Haya, Clingendael.
Spann, A. - Moppes, D. (2006). African Exodus? Trends and Patterns of International Migration in Sub-Saharan Africa. Working papers. Migration and Development. Series, Report No. 4.
Tinti, P., Micallef, M., Herber, M., Horley, R., Bish, A. & Federay, A. (2021). Conflict coping and Covid. Changing human smuggling in North Africa and tue Sahel in 2019 and 2020. Geneva, Switzerland, Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime.
Tubiana, W., Warin, C. & Saeneen, G. M. (2018). Multilateral damage. The impact of EU migration policies on central Saharan routes, The Hague. Netherlands Institute of International Relations “Clingendael”.
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Back, R. et al., (2006). Migration and Development in Africa: An Overview. African Migration and Development Series No. 1. Idasa, Cape Town.
Barbe Izuel, E., (2009). La Unión por el Mediterráneo: de la europeización de la política exterior a la descomunitarización de la política mediterránea. En Revista de Derecho Comunitario Europeo, 13(32), pp. 21-23.
Bialasiewicz, Y.; Maessen, E. (2018). Scaling right: the Turkey deal and the divide geographies of European responsibility. Patterns of Prejudice, 52, 2-3, pp. 210-230.
Cagiano De Azevedo, R. (1991). La política migratoria en Europa y su repercusión en los países mediterráneos: situación presente y futura. En ITINERA, Anales de la Fundación Paulino Torras Domènech. Barcelona, p. 39.
Carrera, S., Curtin, D. & Geddes A. (2020). 20 Years Aniversary of Tampere Programe. Europeanisation Dynamics of the UE Area of Freedom, Security and Justice. European University Institute, pp. 178-182.
Centro Noruego de Análisis Globales (RHIPTO) (2019). World Atlas of Illicit Flows. Londres: RHIPTO, pp. 76-101.
Cortazar Rotaeche, C. J. (2009). El Enfoque Global de la Migración en la Unión Europea y el Derecho Humano al Desarrollo. Miscelánea Comillas, Revista de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales, Vol. 67, Núm. 130, pp. 199-2016.
D`Angelo, A. (2018). Fujos migratorios en el Mediterráneo. Cifras, políticas y múltiples crisis. En: Anuario CIDOB de la inmigración 2018, CIDOB. Barcelona Centre for International Affairs, pp. 30-46.
De Clerk, H. M-L, (1991). Sub-Saharan African Migrants in Turkey: A Case Study on Senegalese Migrants in Ístanbul. SBF Dergisi Ankara Universitesi, Cilt. 68, No. 1, ©∑, pp. 39-58.
De Lucas, J. & Torres, F. (2002). Inmigrantes ¿Cómo los vemos? Algunos desafíos y malas respuestas. Madrid: Talasa.
Dimitriadi, A. (2020). The Future of European Migration and Asilum Policy Post Covid-19. Bruselas, Fundation for European Progresive Studies, pp. 5-10.
Farrah, R. (2020). Algeria´s migration dilemma. Migration and human smuggling in southern Algeria. Geneva, Switzerland: Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime.
Fernández Sánchez, P. A. (2006). Derecho comunitario de la inmigración. Barcelona, Altelier. Fernández-Durán, C. y Febles Carmona, E. (2020). Human mobility and resilience in the Sahel: challenges and opportunities. Brussels: OXFAM.
Goig Martínez, J. M. (2019). La fallida política común de inmigración en la Unión Europea. Vergentis. Revista de Investigación Internacional Conjunta Inocencio III, nº 8, enero-junio, pp.125 y 138.
Haas, H. (2006). La migración irregular del África Occidental hacia el Magreb y la Unión Europea: Panorama general de las tendencias recientes. Ginebra, OIM.
Hailbronner, K. & Thynm, Daniel (2016). EU Inmigration and asylum Law. A Commentary, Munich, C. H. Beck. Hart, Nomos, pp. 1123-1050.
International Organization for Migrations (IOM). Data Stories Migration Flows in Horn of Africa and Yemen. 2018 everview on migration flows observed across The Horn of Africa and Yemen. Geneva, Switzerland. IOM, 2018 https://migration.iom.int/data-stories/migration-flows- horn-africa-and-yemen
IOM, Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM) Mixed Migration (2019) Flows in the Medi- terranean. Compilation of Available Data and Informatión, Geneva, Switzerland.
IOM, DTM, Monthly Regional Report, Middle East and North Africa. Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM), Regional Flow Monitoring Network. Junio 2020, pp. 1-4.
IOM (2021). Round 36, March-April 2021, IOM. Libia Migrant Report, OIM, DTM, Trípoli, Libia, Geneva, Switzerland.
Janssen, F. y Abdo, I. (2015). Addressing Libya´s Multiple Criser. When Violent Politics, Extremism and Crime Meet, La Haya, Confict Research Unit policy brief, The Clingendael Institute.
Janssen, F., Claes, J. y Chan, O. N., (2020). Towards mutually beneficial EU-West African migration cooperation? Assessing EU policy trends and their implications for migration cooperation, CRU Policy Brief, La Haya, Clingendael Institute, Nov. 2020, pp. 1-12.
Jaspars, S. y Buchanan-Samith, M. (2018). Darfuri migration from Sudan to Europe. Fran displacement to despair, London, School of Oriental and Africa Studies, University of London
Lahlou, M. (2018). Migration dynamics in play in Maroco: trafficking and political relationships and their implications at the regional level, MENARA. Working Papers, November 2018, pp. 7-8.
Lijn, J. (2017). For the long run. A mapping of migration-related activities in the wider Sahel region. Clingendael, Netherlands Institute of International Relations.
Malakooti, A. (2013). Mixed migration: Libia at the Crossroads. Paris, Altai Consulting and UNHCR, pp. 39-41.
Malakooti, A. (2020). The intersection of Irregular Migration and Trafficking in West Africa and the Sahel. Geneva, Switzerland, Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime.
Malik, N. (2016). Bashir Comes in From the Cold. Foreign Policy, julio 31.
Micallef, M. (2019). The Human Conveyor Belt Broken. Assesing the collapse of the human- smugling industry in Libya and the central Sahel. Geneva, Switzerland, Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime.
Mixed Migration Centre (MMC) (2019). Quarterly Mixed. Migration Update: West Africa, pp. 3, 4, pp. 8-10.
Molenaar, F., Tubian, J. & Warin, C. (2018). Caught in the middle. A human rights and peace- building approach to migration governance in the Sahel. Clingendael Institute of International Relations, CRU Report, December 2019, pp. 15-34.
Morajea, H. (2015). The people Pepeline: Behind The Scenes Whith A Libyan People Smuggling Boss. Sidney, Australian Broadcasting Corporation. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-06- 17/libyan-people-smuggling-trade/6545832
Olesti Rayo, A. (2010). La Unión Europea y la progresiva creación de un régimen comunitario de extranjería. En: Revista catalana de Dret públic, nº 40, p. 5.
Patton, C. (2015). Libia: Scores Killed in Ethnic Clashes for Control of South´s People-trafficking Routes. International Business Times, 23 July.
Pomares Cinta, E. (2015). La Unión Europea ante la inmigración ilegal. La institucionalización del odio. En Eunomía. Revista en Cultura de la Legalidad, nº 7, pp. 143-174.
Pozo Serrano, P. (2019). El pacto mundial sobre los refugiados: límites y contribución a la evolu- ción del derecho internacional de los refugiados. Revista Electrónica de Estudios Internacionales, nº 38, p. 10.
Reitano, T. (2016). The Khartoum Process. A Sustainable response to human smuggling and trafficking? Policy Brief 93, Pretoria, South Africa, Institute for Segurity Studies, p. 10.
Reitano, T., McComack, S., Micallef, M & Shaw, M. (2018). Responding to the Human Trafficking-Migrants Smuggling Nexus, with a focus on the situation in Libya. Geneva, Switzerland, Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime.
Roderick, P. & Monnet, J. (2016). Migration in the Mediterranean: Origins and Characteristics, Dossier: Mobility and Refugee Crisis in the Mediterranean, Barcelona, Instituto Europeo del Mediterráneo (IEMed), pp. 91-97.
SAHAN-IGAD (2016). Human Trafficking and Smugglin on the Horn of Africa- Central Mediterranean Route. Adis Abeba, February, Sahan Foundation and IGAD Security Sector Program.
Schoofs, S. (2015). Making sense of informal economies in fragile contexts. CRU Policy Brief, La Haya, Clingendael.
Spann, A. - Moppes, D. (2006). African Exodus? Trends and Patterns of International Migration in Sub-Saharan Africa. Working papers. Migration and Development. Series, Report No. 4.
Tinti, P., Micallef, M., Herber, M., Horley, R., Bish, A. & Federay, A. (2021). Conflict coping and Covid. Changing human smuggling in North Africa and tue Sahel in 2019 and 2020. Geneva, Switzerland, Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime.
Tubiana, W., Warin, C. & Saeneen, G. M. (2018). Multilateral damage. The impact of EU migration policies on central Saharan routes, The Hague. Netherlands Institute of International Relations “Clingendael”.
Williamson, J. G. y Hatton, T. J. (2004). International Migration in the Long-Run: Positive Selection, Negative Selection and Policy. IZA Discussion Paper No, 1304, pp. 15-29.
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