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Sánchez, M. P., de la Garza González, A., & Hedlefs, M. I. (2016). Implicit measures of environmental attitudes: a comparative study. International Journal of Psychological Research, 9(1), 40–51. https://doi.org/10.21500/20112084.2099
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To give up copyright, the authors allow that, International Journal of Psychological Research, distribute the work more broadly, check for the reuse by others and take care of the necessary procedures for the registration and administration of copyright; at the same time, our editorial board represents the interests of the author and allows authors to re-use his work in various forms. In response to the above, authors transfer copyright to the journal, International Journal of Psychological Research. This transfer does not imply other rights which are not those of authorship (for example those that concern about patents). Likewise, preserves the authors rights to use the work integral or partially in lectures, books and courses, as well as make copies for educational purposes. Finally, the authors may use freely the tables and figures in its future work, wherever make explicit reference to the previous publication in International Journal of Psychological Research. The assignment of copyright includes both virtual rights and forms of the article to allow the editorial to disseminate the work in the manner which it deems appropriate.
The editorial board reserves the right of amendments deemed necessary in the application of the rules of publication.
Abstract
The present investigation aims to inquire about the capacity of three implicit instruments to measure the attitude toward natural and urban environments. One hundred and three students from a Mexican public university participated in the investigation. The implicit instruments used were the affective priming technique, the implicit association test, and the affect misattribution procedure. Further, an explicit scale was used for comparison. The results showed that all instruments converge in the same way; the nature images were viewed as more pleasant compared to the city images. Also, most results indicated good effect size values, observed power, and reliability, with the exception of the affective priming technique, which established low values. In addition, all instruments indicated weak correlations between each other. The results were discussed in terms of the capacity of the instruments to measure environmental attitudes, and also possible theoretical and methodological implications.
References
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Bruni, C. M., & Schultz, P. W. (2010). Implicit beliefs about self and nature: Evidence from an IAT game. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30, 95–102. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2009.10.004
Cameron, C. D., Brown-Iannuzzi, J. L., & Payne, B. K. (2012). Sequential priming measures of implicit social cognition: A meta-analysis of associations with behavior and explicit attitudes. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 16(4), 330–350. doi:10.1177/1088868312440047
Cárdenas, M. C., & Martini, H. A. (2014). Potencia estadística y cálculo del tamaño del efecto en g * power: complementos a las pruebas de significación estadística y su aplicación en psicología. Salud & Sociedad, 5(2), 210–224.
Dasgupta, N., & Greenwald, A. G. (2001). On the malleability of automatic attitudes: Combating automatic prejudice with images of admired and disliked individuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(5), 800–814.
De Houwer, J., & Moors, A. (2010). Implicit measures: Similarities and differences. En B. Gawronsk, & K. Payne (Eds.), Handbook of implicit social cognition measurement, theory, and applications (pp. 176–193). New York, USA: The Guilford press.
Eves, F. F., Scott, E. J., Hoppé, R., & French, D. P. (2007). Using the affective priming paradigm to explore the attitudes underlying walking behavior. British Journal of Health Psychology, 12, 571–585. doi:135910706X153775
Fazio, R. H. (1990). Multiple processes by which attitudes guide behavior: The MODE model as an integrative framework. En M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 23, pp. 75–109). New York, USA: Academic Press.
Fazio, R. H. (2001). On the automatic activation of associated evaluations: An overview. Cognition and Emotion, 15(2), 115–141. doi:10.1080/02699930125908
Fazio, R. H., Jackson, J. R., Dunton, B. C., & Williams, C. J. (1995). Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive instruments of racial attitudes: A bona fide pipeline? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(6), 1013–1027. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.6.1013
Fazio, R. H., & Olson, M. A. (2003). Implicit measure in social cognition research: Their meaning and use. Annual Reviews Psychology, 54, 297–327. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145225
Fazio, R. H., & Roskos-Ewoldsen, D. R. (1994). Acting as we feel: When and how attitudes guide behavior. En S. Shavitt, & T. C. Brock (Eds.), Persuasion: Psychological insights and perspectives (pp. 71–93). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn Bacon.
Gawronski, B., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2006). Associative and propositional processes in evaluation: an integrative review of implicit and explicit attitude change. Psychological Bulletin, 132(5), 692–731. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.5.692
Gawronski, B., Bodenhausen, G. V., & Becker, A. (2007). I like it, because I like myself: Associative self-anchoring and post-decisional change of implicit attitudes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 221–232. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2006.04.001
Gawronski, B., & De Houwer, J. (2014). Implicit Measures in Social and Personality Psychology. En H. T. Reis, & C. M. Judd (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in social and personality psychology (2nd edition, pp. 283–310). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Gawronski, B., & Ye, Y. (2014). What drives priming effects in the affect misattribution procedure? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 40(1), 3-15. doi: 10.1177/0146167213502548
Greenwald, A. G., Banaji, M. R., & Nosek, B. A. (2015). Statistically small effects of the implicit association test can have societally large effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 108(4), 553-561. doi:10.1037/pspa0000016
Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(6), 1464–1480. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1464
Greenwald, A. G., & Nosek B. A. (2009). Attitudinal dissociation: What does it mean? En R. E. Petty, R. H. Fazio, & P. Briñol (Eds.), Attitudes: Insights from the new implicit measures (pp. 65–84). New York, USA: Psychology Press.
Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A., & Banaji, M. R. (2003). Understanding and using the implicit association test: I. An improved scoring algorithm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 197–216. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.197
Hermans, D., Baeyens, F., & Eelen, P. (1998). Odours as affective-processing context for word evaluation: A case of cross-modal affective priming. Cognition and Emotion, 12(4), 601–613. doi:10.1080/026999398379583
Hietanen, J. K., Klemettilä, T., Kettunen, J. E., & Korpela, K. M. (2007). What is a nice smile like that doing in a place like this? Automatic affective responses to environments influence the recognition of facial expressions. Psychological Research, 71(5), 539–52. doi:10.1007/s00426-006-0064-4
Hietanen, J. K., & Korpela, K. M. (2004). Do Both Negative and Positive Environmental Scenes Elicit Rapid Affective Processing? Environment & Behavior, 36(4), 558–577. doi:10.1177/0013916503261391
Korpela, K. M., Klemettilä, T., & Hietanen, J. K. (2002). Evidence for rapid affective evaluation of environmental scenes. Environment and Behavior, 34(5), 634–650. doi:10.1177/0013916502034005004
March, D., & Graham, R. (2015). Exploring implicit ingroup and outgroup bias toward hispanics. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 18(1), 89-103.
Murphy, S. T., & Zajonc, R. B. (1993). Affect, cognition, and awareness: Affective priming with optimal and suboptimal stimulus exposures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(5), 723–729. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.64.5.723
Nosek, B. A., Hawkins, C. B., & Frazier, R. S. (2011). Implicit social cognition: From measures to mechanisms. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15(4), 152–159. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.01.005
Olivos, P., & Aragonés, J. I. (2013). Test de asociaciones implícitas con la naturaleza: Aplicación en España del “IAT-Nature.” Revista de Psicología Social, 28(2), 237–245. doi:10.1174/021347413806196672
Oskamp, S., & Schultz, P. W. (2005). Attitudes and opinions. New York, USA: Psychology Press.
Payne, B. K., Burkley, M. A., & Stokes, M. B. (2008). Why do implicit and explicit attitude tests diverge? The role of structural fit. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(1), 16–31. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.94.1.16
Payne, B. K., Cheng, C. M., Govorun, O., & Stewar, B. (2005). An inkblot for attitudes: Affect misattribution as implicit measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(3), 277–293. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.3.277
Pérez, E. O. (2013). Implicit attitudes: Meaning, measurement, and synergy with political science. Politics, Groups, and Identities, 1(2), 275–297. doi:10.1080/21565503.2013.785958
Sánchez, M. M. P., & De la Garza, G. A. (2015a). Estudio del impacto de imágenes ambientales en los aspectos emocionales. Revista de Psicología, 33(2), 387–410.
Sánchez, M. M. P., & De la Garza, G. A. (2015b). Biophilia and emotions: his impact in an environmental education course. Revista Iberoamericana de las Ciencias Sociales y Humanísticas, 4(8), 127-147.
Sánchez, M. M. P., De la Garza, G. A., Contreras, L. C., López, R. E. O., & Hedlefs, I. A. (2011). Nuevos enfoques para el estudio cognitivo de la conducta ambiental desde la perspectiva de la biofilia. Ciencia UANL, 14(3), 288–296.
Sánchez, M. M. P., De la Garza, G. A., Lopez, R. E. O., & Morales, M. G. E. (2012). Escala de Preferencia Ambiental (EPA): Una propuesta para medir la relación entre individuos y su ambiente. International Journal of Psychological Research, 5(1), 66–76.
Sánchez, M. M. P., De la Garza, G. A., & Rangel, S. M. L. (2013). Study about the emotional valence of environmental concepts using affective priming technique. International Journal of Psychological Research, 6(2), 50–58.
Schnabel, K., Asendorpf, J. B., & Greenwald, A. G. (2008). Implicit Association Tests: A landmark for the assessment of implicit personality self-concept. En G. J. Boyle, G. Matthews, & D. H. Saklofske (Eds.), Handbook of Personality Theory and Testing (pp. 508–528). London: Sage.
Schultz, P. W., Shriver, C., Tabanico, J., & Khazian, A. M. (2004). Implicit connections with nature. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 24, 31–42. doi:10.1016/S0272-4944(03)00022-7
Schultz, P. W., & Tabanico, J. (2007). Self, identity, and the natural environment : Exploring implicit connections with nature. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 37(6), 1219–1247. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2007.00210.x
Spruyt, A., Lemaigre, V., Salhi, B., Van Gucht, D., Tibboel, H., Van Bockstaele, B., De Houwer, J., Van Meerbeeck, J., & Nackaerts, K. (2015). Implicit attitudes towards smoking predict long-term relapse in abstinent smokers. Psychopharmachology, 232(14), 2551-2561. doi:10.1007/s00213-015-2015-10-25
Bruni, C. M., & Schultz, P. W. (2010). Implicit beliefs about self and nature: Evidence from an IAT game. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30, 95–102. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2009.10.004
Cameron, C. D., Brown-Iannuzzi, J. L., & Payne, B. K. (2012). Sequential priming measures of implicit social cognition: A meta-analysis of associations with behavior and explicit attitudes. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 16(4), 330–350. doi:10.1177/1088868312440047
Cárdenas, M. C., & Martini, H. A. (2014). Potencia estadística y cálculo del tamaño del efecto en g * power: complementos a las pruebas de significación estadística y su aplicación en psicología. Salud & Sociedad, 5(2), 210–224.
Dasgupta, N., & Greenwald, A. G. (2001). On the malleability of automatic attitudes: Combating automatic prejudice with images of admired and disliked individuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(5), 800–814.
De Houwer, J., & Moors, A. (2010). Implicit measures: Similarities and differences. En B. Gawronsk, & K. Payne (Eds.), Handbook of implicit social cognition measurement, theory, and applications (pp. 176–193). New York, USA: The Guilford press.
Eves, F. F., Scott, E. J., Hoppé, R., & French, D. P. (2007). Using the affective priming paradigm to explore the attitudes underlying walking behavior. British Journal of Health Psychology, 12, 571–585. doi:135910706X153775
Fazio, R. H. (1990). Multiple processes by which attitudes guide behavior: The MODE model as an integrative framework. En M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 23, pp. 75–109). New York, USA: Academic Press.
Fazio, R. H. (2001). On the automatic activation of associated evaluations: An overview. Cognition and Emotion, 15(2), 115–141. doi:10.1080/02699930125908
Fazio, R. H., Jackson, J. R., Dunton, B. C., & Williams, C. J. (1995). Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive instruments of racial attitudes: A bona fide pipeline? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(6), 1013–1027. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.6.1013
Fazio, R. H., & Olson, M. A. (2003). Implicit measure in social cognition research: Their meaning and use. Annual Reviews Psychology, 54, 297–327. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145225
Fazio, R. H., & Roskos-Ewoldsen, D. R. (1994). Acting as we feel: When and how attitudes guide behavior. En S. Shavitt, & T. C. Brock (Eds.), Persuasion: Psychological insights and perspectives (pp. 71–93). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn Bacon.
Gawronski, B., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2006). Associative and propositional processes in evaluation: an integrative review of implicit and explicit attitude change. Psychological Bulletin, 132(5), 692–731. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.5.692
Gawronski, B., Bodenhausen, G. V., & Becker, A. (2007). I like it, because I like myself: Associative self-anchoring and post-decisional change of implicit attitudes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 221–232. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2006.04.001
Gawronski, B., & De Houwer, J. (2014). Implicit Measures in Social and Personality Psychology. En H. T. Reis, & C. M. Judd (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in social and personality psychology (2nd edition, pp. 283–310). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Gawronski, B., & Ye, Y. (2014). What drives priming effects in the affect misattribution procedure? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 40(1), 3-15. doi: 10.1177/0146167213502548
Greenwald, A. G., Banaji, M. R., & Nosek, B. A. (2015). Statistically small effects of the implicit association test can have societally large effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 108(4), 553-561. doi:10.1037/pspa0000016
Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(6), 1464–1480. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1464
Greenwald, A. G., & Nosek B. A. (2009). Attitudinal dissociation: What does it mean? En R. E. Petty, R. H. Fazio, & P. Briñol (Eds.), Attitudes: Insights from the new implicit measures (pp. 65–84). New York, USA: Psychology Press.
Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A., & Banaji, M. R. (2003). Understanding and using the implicit association test: I. An improved scoring algorithm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 197–216. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.197
Hermans, D., Baeyens, F., & Eelen, P. (1998). Odours as affective-processing context for word evaluation: A case of cross-modal affective priming. Cognition and Emotion, 12(4), 601–613. doi:10.1080/026999398379583
Hietanen, J. K., Klemettilä, T., Kettunen, J. E., & Korpela, K. M. (2007). What is a nice smile like that doing in a place like this? Automatic affective responses to environments influence the recognition of facial expressions. Psychological Research, 71(5), 539–52. doi:10.1007/s00426-006-0064-4
Hietanen, J. K., & Korpela, K. M. (2004). Do Both Negative and Positive Environmental Scenes Elicit Rapid Affective Processing? Environment & Behavior, 36(4), 558–577. doi:10.1177/0013916503261391
Korpela, K. M., Klemettilä, T., & Hietanen, J. K. (2002). Evidence for rapid affective evaluation of environmental scenes. Environment and Behavior, 34(5), 634–650. doi:10.1177/0013916502034005004
March, D., & Graham, R. (2015). Exploring implicit ingroup and outgroup bias toward hispanics. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 18(1), 89-103.
Murphy, S. T., & Zajonc, R. B. (1993). Affect, cognition, and awareness: Affective priming with optimal and suboptimal stimulus exposures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(5), 723–729. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.64.5.723
Nosek, B. A., Hawkins, C. B., & Frazier, R. S. (2011). Implicit social cognition: From measures to mechanisms. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15(4), 152–159. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.01.005
Olivos, P., & Aragonés, J. I. (2013). Test de asociaciones implícitas con la naturaleza: Aplicación en España del “IAT-Nature.” Revista de Psicología Social, 28(2), 237–245. doi:10.1174/021347413806196672
Oskamp, S., & Schultz, P. W. (2005). Attitudes and opinions. New York, USA: Psychology Press.
Payne, B. K., Burkley, M. A., & Stokes, M. B. (2008). Why do implicit and explicit attitude tests diverge? The role of structural fit. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(1), 16–31. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.94.1.16
Payne, B. K., Cheng, C. M., Govorun, O., & Stewar, B. (2005). An inkblot for attitudes: Affect misattribution as implicit measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(3), 277–293. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.3.277
Pérez, E. O. (2013). Implicit attitudes: Meaning, measurement, and synergy with political science. Politics, Groups, and Identities, 1(2), 275–297. doi:10.1080/21565503.2013.785958
Sánchez, M. M. P., & De la Garza, G. A. (2015a). Estudio del impacto de imágenes ambientales en los aspectos emocionales. Revista de Psicología, 33(2), 387–410.
Sánchez, M. M. P., & De la Garza, G. A. (2015b). Biophilia and emotions: his impact in an environmental education course. Revista Iberoamericana de las Ciencias Sociales y Humanísticas, 4(8), 127-147.
Sánchez, M. M. P., De la Garza, G. A., Contreras, L. C., López, R. E. O., & Hedlefs, I. A. (2011). Nuevos enfoques para el estudio cognitivo de la conducta ambiental desde la perspectiva de la biofilia. Ciencia UANL, 14(3), 288–296.
Sánchez, M. M. P., De la Garza, G. A., Lopez, R. E. O., & Morales, M. G. E. (2012). Escala de Preferencia Ambiental (EPA): Una propuesta para medir la relación entre individuos y su ambiente. International Journal of Psychological Research, 5(1), 66–76.
Sánchez, M. M. P., De la Garza, G. A., & Rangel, S. M. L. (2013). Study about the emotional valence of environmental concepts using affective priming technique. International Journal of Psychological Research, 6(2), 50–58.
Schnabel, K., Asendorpf, J. B., & Greenwald, A. G. (2008). Implicit Association Tests: A landmark for the assessment of implicit personality self-concept. En G. J. Boyle, G. Matthews, & D. H. Saklofske (Eds.), Handbook of Personality Theory and Testing (pp. 508–528). London: Sage.
Schultz, P. W., Shriver, C., Tabanico, J., & Khazian, A. M. (2004). Implicit connections with nature. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 24, 31–42. doi:10.1016/S0272-4944(03)00022-7
Schultz, P. W., & Tabanico, J. (2007). Self, identity, and the natural environment : Exploring implicit connections with nature. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 37(6), 1219–1247. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2007.00210.x
Spruyt, A., Lemaigre, V., Salhi, B., Van Gucht, D., Tibboel, H., Van Bockstaele, B., De Houwer, J., Van Meerbeeck, J., & Nackaerts, K. (2015). Implicit attitudes towards smoking predict long-term relapse in abstinent smokers. Psychopharmachology, 232(14), 2551-2561. doi:10.1007/s00213-015-2015-10-25
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