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Auné, S. E., Abal, F. J., & Attorresi, H. F. (2019). Construction and Psychometric Properties of the Loneliness Scale in Adults. International Journal of Psychological Research, 12(2), 82–90. https://doi.org/10.21500/20112084.4257
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The editorial board reserves the right of amendments deemed necessary in the application of the rules of publication.
To give up copyright, the authors allow that, International Journal of Psychological Research, distribute the work more broadly, check for the reuse by others and take care of the necessary procedures for the registration and administration of copyright; at the same time, our editorial board represents the interests of the author and allows authors to re-use his work in various forms. In response to the above, authors transfer copyright to the journal, International Journal of Psychological Research. This transfer does not imply other rights which are not those of authorship (for example those that concern about patents). Likewise, preserves the authors rights to use the work integral or partially in lectures, books and courses, as well as make copies for educational purposes. Finally, the authors may use freely the tables and figures in its future work, wherever make explicit reference to the previous publication in International Journal of Psychological Research. The assignment of copyright includes both virtual rights and forms of the article to allow the editorial to disseminate the work in the manner which it deems appropriate.
The editorial board reserves the right of amendments deemed necessary in the application of the rules of publication.
Abstract
The development procedure and the psychometric properties of the Buenos Aires Loneliness Scale (BALS) are presented. An initial set of 40 items was analyzed by means of the expert judgment method. After that, the 16 selected items were administered to a convenience sample comprised of 509 adult participants (53 % of which were female). The Argentine version of the UCLA-LS (University of California Los Angeles Loneliness Scale), the Argentine version of the Balanced Inventory of Socially Desirable Responding, and loneliness self-perception questions were applied in conjunction with the BALS. Exploratory factor analysis showed evidence of unidimensionality, with an adequate internal consistency (alpha=.80, ordinal alpha=.87), and seven items were kept. Correlations with the criterion measures yielded the expected results and no gender-based differential item functioning was found. Conclusions were reached about the adequate psychometric properties of the BALS, the limitations of the present study, and the goals for future research.
References
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Aiken, L. R. (1980). Content validity and reliability of single items or questionnaires. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 40(4), 955-959. doi: 10.1177/2F001316448004000419
Aiken, L. R. (1985). Three coefficients for analyzing the reliability and validity of ratings. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 45(1), 131-142. doi:10.1177/2F0013164485451012
Antoni, M. H., Lutgendorf, S. K., Cole, S. W., Dhabhar, F. S., Sephton, S. E., McDonald, P. G., . . . Sood, A. K. (2006). The influence of bio-behavioural factors on tumour biology: pathways and mechanisms. Nature Reviews Cancer, 6(3), 240-248. doi: 10.1038/nrc1820
Auné, S. E., Abal, F. J. P., & Attorresi, H. F. (2017a). Effects of gender and education on happiness in argentinian adults. Liberabit, 23(2), 169-188. doi:10.24265/liberabit.2017.v23n2.02
Auné, S. E., Abal, F. J. P., & Attorresi, H. F. (2017b). Argentine version of the Happiness Scale from Lima. Diversitas, 13(2), 201-214. doi:10.15332/s1794-9998.2017.0002.05
Auné, S. E., Abal, F. J. P., & Attorresi, H. F. (2019). Modelization of the UCLA Loneliness Scale According to the Multidimensional Item Response Theory. Manuscript sent for peer review.
Badii, A., Guillen, O. P., Lugo, S., & Garnica, J. A. (2014). Non-Parametric Correlation and Its Application in Scientific Research. International Journal of Good Conscience, 9(2), 31-40.
Beytía, P. (2016). The singularity of Latin American patterns of happiness. In Mariano Rojas (Ed.), Handbook of Happiness Research in Latin America (pp. 17-29). Dordrecht, Holanda: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-7203-7
Cacioppo, J. T., & Hawkey, L. C. (2009). Perceived social isolation and cognition. Trends Cogn Sci, 13(10), 447-454. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2009.06.005
Cacioppo, J. T., Hawkley, L. C., Ernst, J. M., Burleson, M., Bertnson, G. G., Nouriani, B., & Spiegel, D. (2006). Loneliness within a nomological net: an evolutionary perspective. Journal of Research in Personality, 40(6), 1054-1085. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2005.11.007
Cai, L. (2012). flexMIRT: Flexible multilevel item factor analysis and test scoring [Computer software]. Seattle, WA: Vector Psychometric Group, LLC.
Cai, L., Thissen, D., & du Toit, S. (2011). IRTPRO user's guide. Lincolnwood, IL: Scientific Software International.
Caspi, A., Harrington, H., Moffitt, T.E., Milne, B.J., & Poulton, R. (2006). Socially isolated children 20 years later: risk of cardiovascular disease. Archives of Pediatrics and adolescent Medicine, 160(8), 805-811. doi:10.1001/archpedi.160.8.805
De Jong Gierveld, J., & Kamphuis, F. (1985). The development of a Rasch-type loneliness scale. Applied Psychological Measurement, 9(3), 289-299. doi:10.1177/014662168500900307
De Jong Gierveld, J., & van Tilburg, T. G. (1999). Manual of the Loneliness Scale. VU University Amsterdam, Department of Social Research Methodology.
De Jong Gierveld, J., & van Tilburg, T. G. (2006). A six-item scale for overall, emotional and social loneliness: confirmative tests on new survey data. Research on Aging, 28(5), 582-598. doi:10.1177/0164027506289723
De Jong Gierveld J., van Tilburg T. G, & Dykstra, P. A. (2016). Loneliness and social isolation. In: Vangelisti A., Perlman. D (Eds.) Cambridge Handbook of Personal Relationships (pp. 485-500). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
DiTommaso, E., Brannen, C., & Best, L. A. (2004). Measurement and validity characteristics of the short version of the Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 64(1), 99-119. doi:10.1177/0013164403258450
DiTommaso, E., & Spinner, B. (1993). The development and initial validation of the Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults (SELSA). Personality and Individual Differences, 14(1), 127-134. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(93)90182-3
Domínguez Lara, S. (2018). Reliability and ordinal alpha. Actas Urológicas Españolas 42(2), 140-141. doi:10.1016/j.acuro.2017.07.002
Ferrando, P. J., & Lorenzo-Seva, U. (2014). El análisis factorial exploratorio de los ítems: algunas consideraciones adicionales. Anales de Psicología, 30(3), 1170-1175. doi:10.6018/analesps.30.3.199991
Ferrando, P. J., & Lorenzo-Seva, U. (2017). Program FACTOR at 10: Origins, development and future directions. Psicothema, 29(2), 236-240. doi:10.7334/psicothema2016.304
Hair, J. F., Anderson, R.E., Tatham, R. L. & Black, W. C. (1999). Análisis Multivariante. Madrid, España: Prentice Hall Iberia.
Hawkley, L. C., Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., Masi, C. M., Thisted, R. A., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2008). From social structural factors to perceptions of relationship quality and loneliness: the Chicago health, aging, and social relations study. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 63(6), 375-384. doi:10.1093/geronb/63.6.S375
Hawkley, L. C., Thisted, R. A., Masi, C. M., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2010). Loneliness predicts increased blood pressure: 5-year cross-lagged analyses in middle-aged and older adults. Psychology and Aging, 25(1), 132-141. doi:10.1037/a0017805
Herlitz, J., Wiklund, I., Caidahl, K., Hartford, M., Haglid, M., Karlsson, B.W., . . . Karlsson, T. (1998). The feeling of loneliness prior to coronary artery bypass grafting might be a predictor of short-and long-term postoperative mortality. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, 16(2), 120-125. doi:10.1016/S1078-5884(98)80152-4
Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., Baker, M., Harris, T., & Stephenson, D. (2015). Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality: a meta-analytic review. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(2), 227-237. doi:10.1177/1745691614568352
Korkmaz S., Goksuluk D. & Zararsiz G. (2014). MVN: An R Package for Assessing Multivariate Normality. The R Journal, 6(2), 151-162. Retrieved from https://journal.r-project.org/archive/2014-2/korkmaz-goksuluk-zararsiz.pdf
Langer, M. (2008). A reexamination of Lord’s Wald test for differential item functioning using item response theory and modern error estimation (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
Lozano, L. M., García-Cueto, E. & Muñiz, J. (2008). Effect of the Number of Response Categories on the Reliability and Validity of Rating Scales. Methodology, 4(2), 73-79. doi:10.1027/1614-2241.4.2.73
Mardia, K. V. (1970). Measures of multivariate skewnees and kurtosis with applications. Biometrika, 57(3), 519-530. doi:10.1093/biomet/57.3.519
Mikulic, I. M., Crespi, M., & Caballero, R. (2016). Psychometric study of Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding. Anuario de Psicología, 46(2), 58-66. doi:10.1016/j.anpsic.2016.07.002
Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (Eds.). (2014). Mechanisms of social connection: From brain to group. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Nausheen, B., Gidron, Y., Peveler, R., & Moss-Morris, R. (2009). Social support and cancer progression: a systematic review. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 67(5), 403-415. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.12.012
Paulhus, D. L. (1988). Manual for the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (BIDR-6). Unpublished manual, University of British Columbia.
Perissinotto, C. M., & Covinsky, K. E. (2014). Living alone, socially isolated or lonely. What are we measuring? Journal of General Internal Medicine, 29(11), 1429-1431. doi:10.1007/s11606-014-2977-8
Perlman, D., & Peplau, L. A. (1981). Toward a social psychology of loneliness. In R. Gilmour & S. Duck (Eds.), Personal relationships 3: Personal relationships in disorder (pp. 31-43). London, UK: Academic Press.
Russell, D. (1996). UCLA-LS Loneliness Scale (Version 3): Reliability, Validity, and Factor Structure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 66(1), 20-40. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa6601_2
Russell, D., Cutrona, C., McRae, C., & Gomez, M. (2012). Is loneliness the same as being alone? The Journal of Psych ology, 146(1-2), 7-22. doi:10.1080/00223980.2011.589414
Russell, D., Peplau, L., & Cutrona, C. (1980). The revised UCLA-LS Loneliness Scale: Concurrent and discriminant validity evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(3), 472-480.
Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Ferguson, M. L. (1978). Developing a measure of loneliness. Journal of Personality Assessment, 42(3), 290-294. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa4203_11
Sacchi, C. & Richaud de Minzi, M. C. (1997). La Escala Revisada de Soledad de UCLA-LS: Una adaptación argentina. Revista Argentina de Clínica Psicológica, 6(1), 43-53.
Samejima, F. (1969). Estimation of latent ability using a response pattern of graded scores. Psychometrika monograph supplement, 17(4), 2. doi:10.1002/j.2333-8504.1968.tb00153.x
Sorkin, D., Rook, K. S., & Lu, J. L. (2002). Loneliness, lack of emotional support, lack of companionship, and the likelihood of having a heart condition in an elderly sample. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 24(4), 290-298. doi:10.1207/S15324796ABM2404_05
Soto, C. M. & Segovia, J. L. (2009). Confidence intervals for the content validity: A Visual Basic computer program for the Aiken’s V. Anales de Psicología, 25(1), 169-171.
Timmerman, M. E., & Lorenzo-Seva, U. (2011). Dimensionality assessment of ordered polytomous items with parallel analysis. Psychological Methods, 16(2), 209-220. doi:10.1037/a0023353
Van Orden, A., Witte, T. K., Cukrowicz, K. C., Braithwaite, S., Selby, E. A., Joiner Jr., T. E. (2010). The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide. Psychological Review, 117(2), 575-600. doi:10.1037/a0018697
Weiss, R. S. (1973). Loneliness: The experience of emotional and social isolation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Wilson, R.S., Krueger, K.R., Arnold, S.E., Schneider, J.A., Kelly, J.F., Barnes, L.L., . . . Bennett, D.A. (2007). Loneliness and risk of Alzheimer disease. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(2), 234-240. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.2.234
Aiken, L. R. (1980). Content validity and reliability of single items or questionnaires. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 40(4), 955-959. doi: 10.1177/2F001316448004000419
Aiken, L. R. (1985). Three coefficients for analyzing the reliability and validity of ratings. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 45(1), 131-142. doi:10.1177/2F0013164485451012
Antoni, M. H., Lutgendorf, S. K., Cole, S. W., Dhabhar, F. S., Sephton, S. E., McDonald, P. G., . . . Sood, A. K. (2006). The influence of bio-behavioural factors on tumour biology: pathways and mechanisms. Nature Reviews Cancer, 6(3), 240-248. doi: 10.1038/nrc1820
Auné, S. E., Abal, F. J. P., & Attorresi, H. F. (2017a). Effects of gender and education on happiness in argentinian adults. Liberabit, 23(2), 169-188. doi:10.24265/liberabit.2017.v23n2.02
Auné, S. E., Abal, F. J. P., & Attorresi, H. F. (2017b). Argentine version of the Happiness Scale from Lima. Diversitas, 13(2), 201-214. doi:10.15332/s1794-9998.2017.0002.05
Auné, S. E., Abal, F. J. P., & Attorresi, H. F. (2019). Modelization of the UCLA Loneliness Scale According to the Multidimensional Item Response Theory. Manuscript sent for peer review.
Badii, A., Guillen, O. P., Lugo, S., & Garnica, J. A. (2014). Non-Parametric Correlation and Its Application in Scientific Research. International Journal of Good Conscience, 9(2), 31-40.
Beytía, P. (2016). The singularity of Latin American patterns of happiness. In Mariano Rojas (Ed.), Handbook of Happiness Research in Latin America (pp. 17-29). Dordrecht, Holanda: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-7203-7
Cacioppo, J. T., & Hawkey, L. C. (2009). Perceived social isolation and cognition. Trends Cogn Sci, 13(10), 447-454. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2009.06.005
Cacioppo, J. T., Hawkley, L. C., Ernst, J. M., Burleson, M., Bertnson, G. G., Nouriani, B., & Spiegel, D. (2006). Loneliness within a nomological net: an evolutionary perspective. Journal of Research in Personality, 40(6), 1054-1085. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2005.11.007
Cai, L. (2012). flexMIRT: Flexible multilevel item factor analysis and test scoring [Computer software]. Seattle, WA: Vector Psychometric Group, LLC.
Cai, L., Thissen, D., & du Toit, S. (2011). IRTPRO user's guide. Lincolnwood, IL: Scientific Software International.
Caspi, A., Harrington, H., Moffitt, T.E., Milne, B.J., & Poulton, R. (2006). Socially isolated children 20 years later: risk of cardiovascular disease. Archives of Pediatrics and adolescent Medicine, 160(8), 805-811. doi:10.1001/archpedi.160.8.805
De Jong Gierveld, J., & Kamphuis, F. (1985). The development of a Rasch-type loneliness scale. Applied Psychological Measurement, 9(3), 289-299. doi:10.1177/014662168500900307
De Jong Gierveld, J., & van Tilburg, T. G. (1999). Manual of the Loneliness Scale. VU University Amsterdam, Department of Social Research Methodology.
De Jong Gierveld, J., & van Tilburg, T. G. (2006). A six-item scale for overall, emotional and social loneliness: confirmative tests on new survey data. Research on Aging, 28(5), 582-598. doi:10.1177/0164027506289723
De Jong Gierveld J., van Tilburg T. G, & Dykstra, P. A. (2016). Loneliness and social isolation. In: Vangelisti A., Perlman. D (Eds.) Cambridge Handbook of Personal Relationships (pp. 485-500). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
DiTommaso, E., Brannen, C., & Best, L. A. (2004). Measurement and validity characteristics of the short version of the Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 64(1), 99-119. doi:10.1177/0013164403258450
DiTommaso, E., & Spinner, B. (1993). The development and initial validation of the Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults (SELSA). Personality and Individual Differences, 14(1), 127-134. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(93)90182-3
Domínguez Lara, S. (2018). Reliability and ordinal alpha. Actas Urológicas Españolas 42(2), 140-141. doi:10.1016/j.acuro.2017.07.002
Ferrando, P. J., & Lorenzo-Seva, U. (2014). El análisis factorial exploratorio de los ítems: algunas consideraciones adicionales. Anales de Psicología, 30(3), 1170-1175. doi:10.6018/analesps.30.3.199991
Ferrando, P. J., & Lorenzo-Seva, U. (2017). Program FACTOR at 10: Origins, development and future directions. Psicothema, 29(2), 236-240. doi:10.7334/psicothema2016.304
Hair, J. F., Anderson, R.E., Tatham, R. L. & Black, W. C. (1999). Análisis Multivariante. Madrid, España: Prentice Hall Iberia.
Hawkley, L. C., Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., Masi, C. M., Thisted, R. A., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2008). From social structural factors to perceptions of relationship quality and loneliness: the Chicago health, aging, and social relations study. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 63(6), 375-384. doi:10.1093/geronb/63.6.S375
Hawkley, L. C., Thisted, R. A., Masi, C. M., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2010). Loneliness predicts increased blood pressure: 5-year cross-lagged analyses in middle-aged and older adults. Psychology and Aging, 25(1), 132-141. doi:10.1037/a0017805
Herlitz, J., Wiklund, I., Caidahl, K., Hartford, M., Haglid, M., Karlsson, B.W., . . . Karlsson, T. (1998). The feeling of loneliness prior to coronary artery bypass grafting might be a predictor of short-and long-term postoperative mortality. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, 16(2), 120-125. doi:10.1016/S1078-5884(98)80152-4
Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., Baker, M., Harris, T., & Stephenson, D. (2015). Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality: a meta-analytic review. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(2), 227-237. doi:10.1177/1745691614568352
Korkmaz S., Goksuluk D. & Zararsiz G. (2014). MVN: An R Package for Assessing Multivariate Normality. The R Journal, 6(2), 151-162. Retrieved from https://journal.r-project.org/archive/2014-2/korkmaz-goksuluk-zararsiz.pdf
Langer, M. (2008). A reexamination of Lord’s Wald test for differential item functioning using item response theory and modern error estimation (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
Lozano, L. M., García-Cueto, E. & Muñiz, J. (2008). Effect of the Number of Response Categories on the Reliability and Validity of Rating Scales. Methodology, 4(2), 73-79. doi:10.1027/1614-2241.4.2.73
Mardia, K. V. (1970). Measures of multivariate skewnees and kurtosis with applications. Biometrika, 57(3), 519-530. doi:10.1093/biomet/57.3.519
Mikulic, I. M., Crespi, M., & Caballero, R. (2016). Psychometric study of Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding. Anuario de Psicología, 46(2), 58-66. doi:10.1016/j.anpsic.2016.07.002
Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (Eds.). (2014). Mechanisms of social connection: From brain to group. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Nausheen, B., Gidron, Y., Peveler, R., & Moss-Morris, R. (2009). Social support and cancer progression: a systematic review. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 67(5), 403-415. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.12.012
Paulhus, D. L. (1988). Manual for the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (BIDR-6). Unpublished manual, University of British Columbia.
Perissinotto, C. M., & Covinsky, K. E. (2014). Living alone, socially isolated or lonely. What are we measuring? Journal of General Internal Medicine, 29(11), 1429-1431. doi:10.1007/s11606-014-2977-8
Perlman, D., & Peplau, L. A. (1981). Toward a social psychology of loneliness. In R. Gilmour & S. Duck (Eds.), Personal relationships 3: Personal relationships in disorder (pp. 31-43). London, UK: Academic Press.
Russell, D. (1996). UCLA-LS Loneliness Scale (Version 3): Reliability, Validity, and Factor Structure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 66(1), 20-40. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa6601_2
Russell, D., Cutrona, C., McRae, C., & Gomez, M. (2012). Is loneliness the same as being alone? The Journal of Psych ology, 146(1-2), 7-22. doi:10.1080/00223980.2011.589414
Russell, D., Peplau, L., & Cutrona, C. (1980). The revised UCLA-LS Loneliness Scale: Concurrent and discriminant validity evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(3), 472-480.
Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Ferguson, M. L. (1978). Developing a measure of loneliness. Journal of Personality Assessment, 42(3), 290-294. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa4203_11
Sacchi, C. & Richaud de Minzi, M. C. (1997). La Escala Revisada de Soledad de UCLA-LS: Una adaptación argentina. Revista Argentina de Clínica Psicológica, 6(1), 43-53.
Samejima, F. (1969). Estimation of latent ability using a response pattern of graded scores. Psychometrika monograph supplement, 17(4), 2. doi:10.1002/j.2333-8504.1968.tb00153.x
Sorkin, D., Rook, K. S., & Lu, J. L. (2002). Loneliness, lack of emotional support, lack of companionship, and the likelihood of having a heart condition in an elderly sample. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 24(4), 290-298. doi:10.1207/S15324796ABM2404_05
Soto, C. M. & Segovia, J. L. (2009). Confidence intervals for the content validity: A Visual Basic computer program for the Aiken’s V. Anales de Psicología, 25(1), 169-171.
Timmerman, M. E., & Lorenzo-Seva, U. (2011). Dimensionality assessment of ordered polytomous items with parallel analysis. Psychological Methods, 16(2), 209-220. doi:10.1037/a0023353
Van Orden, A., Witte, T. K., Cukrowicz, K. C., Braithwaite, S., Selby, E. A., Joiner Jr., T. E. (2010). The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide. Psychological Review, 117(2), 575-600. doi:10.1037/a0018697
Weiss, R. S. (1973). Loneliness: The experience of emotional and social isolation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Wilson, R.S., Krueger, K.R., Arnold, S.E., Schneider, J.A., Kelly, J.F., Barnes, L.L., . . . Bennett, D.A. (2007). Loneliness and risk of Alzheimer disease. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(2), 234-240. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.2.234
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