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Fuentes-Balderrama, J., Cruz del Castillo, C., Ojeda García, A., Díaz Loving, R., Turnbull Plaza, B., & Parra Cardona, J. R. (2020). The Effects of Parenting Styles on Internalizing and Externalizing Behaviors: A Mexican Preadolescents Study. International Journal of Psychological Research, 13(1), 9–18. https://doi.org/10.21500/20112084.4478
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The editorial board reserves the right of amendments deemed necessary in the application of the rules of publication.
To give up copyright, the authors allow that, International Journal of Psychological Research, distribute the work more broadly, check for the reuse by others and take care of the necessary procedures for the registration and administration of copyright; at the same time, our editorial board represents the interests of the author and allows authors to re-use his work in various forms. In response to the above, authors transfer copyright to the journal, International Journal of Psychological Research. This transfer does not imply other rights which are not those of authorship (for example those that concern about patents). Likewise, preserves the authors rights to use the work integral or partially in lectures, books and courses, as well as make copies for educational purposes. Finally, the authors may use freely the tables and figures in its future work, wherever make explicit reference to the previous publication in International Journal of Psychological Research. The assignment of copyright includes both virtual rights and forms of the article to allow the editorial to disseminate the work in the manner which it deems appropriate.
The editorial board reserves the right of amendments deemed necessary in the application of the rules of publication.
Abstract
Parental practices such as inconsistent discipline, psychological control, and imposition have been linked to the development of internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors in preadolescents. This study aimed to identify the association these practices had on Mexican preadolescent problem behaviors through Structural Equation Modeling. The sample consisted of 306 elementary students from three public schools in Mexico City (age M = 10, SD = 0.92). Students completed subscales from the Parental Practice Scale, the Alabama Parenting Questionnaire, and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Paternal imposition and maternal psychological control were significant predictors for internalizing problems, while inconsistent discipline was a significant predictor of externalizing problems. The results highlight that although parental practice
values might differ across cultures, their association to problem behaviors are similar.
References
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Andrade Palos, P., & Betancourt Ocampo, D. (2012). Problemas emocionales y conductuales en niños: Predictores desde la percepción de los padres y de los hijos. Acta de Investigación Psicológica, 2 (2), 650–664.
Andrade Palos, P., Betancourt Ocampo, D., Vallejo Casarín, A., Ochoa, C., Segura, B., Rivera, R., & María, R. (2012). Prácticas parentales y sintomatología depresiva en adolescentes. Salud Mental, 35 (1), 29–36.
Assor, A., Vansteenkiste, M., & Kaplan, A. (2009). Identified versus introjected approach and introjected avoidance motivations in school and in sports: The limited benefits of self-worth strivings. Journal of Educational Psychology, 101 (2), 482–497.
Barber, B. (1996). Parental psychological control: Revisiting a neglected construct. Child Development, 67 (6), 3296–3319.
Barber, B. K., Stolz, H. E., Olsen, J. A., Collins, W. A., & Burchinal, M. (2005). Parental support, psychological control, and behavioral control: Assessing relevance across time, culture, and method. Monographs of the society for research in child development, i–147.
Beck, A., & Haigh, E. (2014). Advances in cognitive theory and therapy: The generic cognitive model. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 10 , 1–24.
Belsky, J., Schlomer, G., & Ellis, B. (2012). Beyond cumulative risk: Distinguishing harshness and unpredictability as determinants of parenting and early life history strategy. Developmental Psychology, 48 (3), 662.
Betancourt, O. (2007). Control parental y problemas internalizados y externalizados en niños y adolescentes. (Tesis doctoral). Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México.
Borda Mas, M., Asuero Fernández, R., Avargues Navarro, M., Sánchez Martín, M., del Río Sánchez, M., & Beato Fernández, L. (2019). Estilos parentales percibidos en los trastornos de la alimentación. Revista Argentina de Clínica Psicológica, 28 (1), 12–21.
Calzada, E., Barajas-Gonzalez, R., Huang, K., & Brotman, L. (2015). Early childhood internalizing problems in Mexican-and Dominican-origin children: The role of cultural socialization and parenting practices. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 46 (4), 1–12.
Comino Velázquez, M., & Raya Trenas, A. (2014). Estilos educativos parentales y su relación con la socialización en adolescentes. Apuntes de Psicología, 32 (3), 271–280.
Cox, R. (2014). Differential Effects of Parents and Peers on Externalizing Behavior and Drug Use. Acta de Investigación Psicológica, 4 (3), 1491-1509. doi:10.1016/S2007-4719(14)70389-8.
Cruz, D., Narciso, I., Pereira, C., & Sampaio, D. (2014). Risk Trajectories of Self-Destructiveness in Adolescence: Family Core Influences. Journal of Child & Family Studies, 23 (7), 1172-1181. doi:10.1007/s10826-013-9777-3.
Cutrín, O., Maneiro, L., Sobral, J., & Gómez-Fraguela, J. (2019). Longitudinal Effects of Parenting Mediated by Deviant Peers on Violent and Non-Violent Antisocial Behaviour and Substance Use in Adolescence. European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context, 11 (1), 23-33. doi:10.5093/ejpalc2018a12.
Eguiarte, B., & Arenas, V. (2019). Percepción de prácticas parentales en adolescentes tempranos y tardíos: Una perspectiva del desarrollo. Investigación y Práctica En Psicología Del Desarrollo, 4 , 1–14.
Escribano, S., Aniorte, J., & Orgilés, M. (2013). Factor structure and psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Alabama Parenting Questionnaire (APQ) for children. Psicothema, 25 (3), 324–329.
Frick, P. (1991). The Alabama parenting questionnaire: Unpublished rating scale. New Orleans: University of New Orleans: Department of Psychology.
Galaz, M., Manrique, M., Ayala, M. d. L. C., Mota, M., & Díaz-Loving, R. (2019). Crianza materna y regulación emocional en adolescentes: Diferencias asociadas al sexo. Emerging Trends in Education, 1 (2), 96–120.
García Linares, M., Cerezo Rusillo, M., de la Torre Cruz, M., Carpio Fernández, M. d. l. V., & Casanova Arias, P. (2011). Prácticas educativas paternas y problemas internalizantes y externalizantes en adolescentes españoles. Parenting Practices and Internalizing and Externalizing Problems in Spanish Adolescents, 23 (4), 654–659. González, M., & Garcia, M. (2014). Influence of parenting style on the academic performance of middle school students. Multidisciplinary Journal of Educational Research, 4 (2), 182-210. doi:10.4471/remie.2014.10.
González-Forteza, C., Echeagaray, F., & Jiménez Tapia, A. (2012). Escala de Depresión del Centro de Estudios Epidemiológicos (CES-D) en México: Análisis bibliométrico. Salud Mental, 35 (1), 13–20.
González Lugo, S., Pineda Domínguez, A., & Gaxiola Romero, J. (2018). Depresión adolescente: Factores de riesgo y apoyo social como factor protector. Adolescent Depression: Risk Factors and Social Support as a Protective Factor, 17 (3), 1-11. doi:10.11144/Javeriana.upsy17-3.dafr.
Goodman, R., Ford, T., Simmons, H., Gatward, R., & Meltzer, H. (2000). Using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) to screen for child psychiatric disorders in a community sample. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 177 (6), 534–539.
Grolnick, W., & Pomerantz, E. (2009). Issues and Challenges in Studying Parental Control: Toward a New Conceptualization. Child Development Perspectives, 3 (3), 165-170. doi:10.1111/j.1750-8606.2009.00099.x.
Gutiérrez, B., Madrigal-De León, E. A., & Martínez-Munguía, C. (2018). Factores Psicológicos y Relacionales Asociados a Episodios de Embriaguez en Adolescentes Escolares de Guadalajara, México. Revista Colombiana de Psicología, 27 (1), 105–116.
Halgunseth, L., Perkins, D., Lippold, M., & Nix, R. (2013). Delinquent-oriented attitudes mediate the relation between parental inconsistent discipline and early adolescent behavior. Journal of Family Psychology, 27 (2), 293–302. doi:10.1037/a0031962.
Hill, N., Witherspoon, D., & Bartz, D. (2018). Parental involvement in education during middle school: Perspectives of ethnically diverse parents, teachers, and students. The Journal of Educational Research, 111 (1), 12–27. doi:10.1080/00220671.2016.1190910.
Holtrop, K., McNeil Smith, S., & Scott, J. (2015). Associations between Positive Parenting Practices and Child Externalizing Behavior in Underserved Latino Immigrant Families. Family Process, 54 (2), 359–375. doi:10.1111/famp.12105.
Kader, Z., & Roman, N. (2018). The effects of family conflict on the psychological needs and externalising behaviour of preadolescents. Social Work, 54 (1), 37–52. doi:10.15270/54-1-613.
Kiel, E., & Buss, K. (2011). Prospective relations among fearful temperament, protective parenting, and social withdrawal: The role of maternal accuracy in a moderated mediation framework. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 39 (7), 953–966.
Kline, G., Killoren, S., & Alfaro, E. (2016). Perceived parental psychological control, familism values, and Mexican American college students’ adjustment. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 22 (4), 524–532. doi:10.1037/cdp0000096.
Laursen, B., & Collins, W. (2009). Parent-Child relationships during adolescence. In Handbook of adolescent psychology (3rd ed., Vol. 2, pp. 1-42). New York: Wiley.
Lindsey, E. (2018). Cultural Values and Coparenting Quality in Families of Mexican Origin. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 49 (10), 1523–1538.
Marbell-Pierre, K., Grolnick, W., Stewart, A., & Raftery- Helmer, J. (2019). Parental Autonomy Support in Two Cultures: The Moderating Effects of Adolescents’ Self-Construals. Child Development, 90 (3), 825–845.
Marchand-Reilly, J. (2012). The Role of Fathers’ Depressive Symptoms and Lax and Over-Reactive Discipline in Children’s Externalizing and Internalizing Behaviors. Journal of Adult Development, 19 (4), 181–189. doi:10.1007/s10804-012-9145-3.
Méndez, M., Andrade Palos, P., & Peñaloza, R. (2013). Prácticas parentales y capacidades y dificultades en preadolescentes. Psicología y Educación, 15 (1), 99–118.
Musitu, G., & García, F. (2004). Espa29: Escala de estilos de socialización parental en la adolescencia: manual (2nd ed.). Madrid: Tea.
Omer, H., Satran, S., & Driter, O. (2016). Vigilant care: An integrative reformulation regarding parental monitoring. Psychological Review, 123 (3), 291–304. doi:10.1037/rev0000024.
Parra, M., Estrada, E., van Barneveld, H., Montiel, L., & López, J. (2014). Tareas de crianza de padres mexicanos con hijos adolescentes. CIENCIA Ergo-Sum, Revista Científica Multidisciplinaria de Prospectiva, 21 (1), 21–26.
Pouliot-Lapointe, J., Gagné, M., Drapeau, S., & Saint- Jacques, M. (2014). Conduites parentales psychologiquement violentes et problèmes de comportement des jeunes: Une étude bidirectionnelle. [Psychologically violent parenting and youth behavior problems: A bidirectional study]. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science / Revue Canadienne Des Sciences Du Comportement, 46 (2), 193–204. doi:10.1037/a0030577.
Raya Trenas, A., Pino-Osuna, M., & Herruzo-Cabrera. (2012). La interacción entre padres e hijos y su relación con los problemas de conducta externalizante. Análisis y Modificación de Conducta, 38 (157), 59–69.
Rivera Gutiérrez, M. (2013). Análisis psicométrico del cuestionario de capacidades y dificultades (SDQ) administrado en profesores de niños y niñas escolares de la Provincia de Santiago de Chile. Madrid: Tea. Retrieved from http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/133869.
Segura, C., Vallejo, C., Osorno, M., Rojas, R., & Reyes, G. (2011). La Escala de Prácticas Parentales de Andrade y Betancourt en adolescentes veracruzanos. Revista de Educación y Desarrollo, 6 (18), 67–73.
Sociedad Mexicana de Psicología. (2010). Código ético del psicólogo (4th ed.). Trillas.
Soenens, B., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2010). A theoretical upgrade of the concept of parental psychological control: Proposing new insights on the basis of self-determination theory. Developmental Review, 30 (1), 74–99.
Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., & Sierens, E. (2009). How Are Parental Psychological Control and Autonomy-Support Related? A Cluster-Analytic Approach. Journal of Marriage & Family, 71 (1), 187–202. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2008.00589.x.
Sotelo, M. T., & FUPAVI. (2015). Estadísticas y Análisis Situación Infancia en México 2015. Trillas. Retrieved from http://www.fundacionenpantalla.org/attachments/article/6/ESTADISTICAS_Y_ANALISIS_-SITUACI%C3%93N_INFANCIA_EN_MEXICO_2015.pdf.
UNICEF México. (2017). Informe anual méxico 2017 (No. 1). Trillas. Retrieved from UNICEF website: https://www.unicef.org.mx/Informe2017/Informe-Anual-2017.pdf.
Varela, S., Castañeda, D., Galindo, M., Moreno, A., & Salguero, L. (2019). Tendencias de investigaciones sobre pautas y prácticas de crianza en Latinoamérica. Infancias Imágenes, 18 (2).
Andrade Palos, P., & Betancourt Ocampo, D. (2012). Problemas emocionales y conductuales en niños: Predictores desde la percepción de los padres y de los hijos. Acta de Investigación Psicológica, 2 (2), 650–664.
Andrade Palos, P., Betancourt Ocampo, D., Vallejo Casarín, A., Ochoa, C., Segura, B., Rivera, R., & María, R. (2012). Prácticas parentales y sintomatología depresiva en adolescentes. Salud Mental, 35 (1), 29–36.
Assor, A., Vansteenkiste, M., & Kaplan, A. (2009). Identified versus introjected approach and introjected avoidance motivations in school and in sports: The limited benefits of self-worth strivings. Journal of Educational Psychology, 101 (2), 482–497.
Barber, B. (1996). Parental psychological control: Revisiting a neglected construct. Child Development, 67 (6), 3296–3319.
Barber, B. K., Stolz, H. E., Olsen, J. A., Collins, W. A., & Burchinal, M. (2005). Parental support, psychological control, and behavioral control: Assessing relevance across time, culture, and method. Monographs of the society for research in child development, i–147.
Beck, A., & Haigh, E. (2014). Advances in cognitive theory and therapy: The generic cognitive model. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 10 , 1–24.
Belsky, J., Schlomer, G., & Ellis, B. (2012). Beyond cumulative risk: Distinguishing harshness and unpredictability as determinants of parenting and early life history strategy. Developmental Psychology, 48 (3), 662.
Betancourt, O. (2007). Control parental y problemas internalizados y externalizados en niños y adolescentes. (Tesis doctoral). Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México.
Borda Mas, M., Asuero Fernández, R., Avargues Navarro, M., Sánchez Martín, M., del Río Sánchez, M., & Beato Fernández, L. (2019). Estilos parentales percibidos en los trastornos de la alimentación. Revista Argentina de Clínica Psicológica, 28 (1), 12–21.
Calzada, E., Barajas-Gonzalez, R., Huang, K., & Brotman, L. (2015). Early childhood internalizing problems in Mexican-and Dominican-origin children: The role of cultural socialization and parenting practices. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 46 (4), 1–12.
Comino Velázquez, M., & Raya Trenas, A. (2014). Estilos educativos parentales y su relación con la socialización en adolescentes. Apuntes de Psicología, 32 (3), 271–280.
Cox, R. (2014). Differential Effects of Parents and Peers on Externalizing Behavior and Drug Use. Acta de Investigación Psicológica, 4 (3), 1491-1509. doi:10.1016/S2007-4719(14)70389-8.
Cruz, D., Narciso, I., Pereira, C., & Sampaio, D. (2014). Risk Trajectories of Self-Destructiveness in Adolescence: Family Core Influences. Journal of Child & Family Studies, 23 (7), 1172-1181. doi:10.1007/s10826-013-9777-3.
Cutrín, O., Maneiro, L., Sobral, J., & Gómez-Fraguela, J. (2019). Longitudinal Effects of Parenting Mediated by Deviant Peers on Violent and Non-Violent Antisocial Behaviour and Substance Use in Adolescence. European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context, 11 (1), 23-33. doi:10.5093/ejpalc2018a12.
Eguiarte, B., & Arenas, V. (2019). Percepción de prácticas parentales en adolescentes tempranos y tardíos: Una perspectiva del desarrollo. Investigación y Práctica En Psicología Del Desarrollo, 4 , 1–14.
Escribano, S., Aniorte, J., & Orgilés, M. (2013). Factor structure and psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Alabama Parenting Questionnaire (APQ) for children. Psicothema, 25 (3), 324–329.
Frick, P. (1991). The Alabama parenting questionnaire: Unpublished rating scale. New Orleans: University of New Orleans: Department of Psychology.
Galaz, M., Manrique, M., Ayala, M. d. L. C., Mota, M., & Díaz-Loving, R. (2019). Crianza materna y regulación emocional en adolescentes: Diferencias asociadas al sexo. Emerging Trends in Education, 1 (2), 96–120.
García Linares, M., Cerezo Rusillo, M., de la Torre Cruz, M., Carpio Fernández, M. d. l. V., & Casanova Arias, P. (2011). Prácticas educativas paternas y problemas internalizantes y externalizantes en adolescentes españoles. Parenting Practices and Internalizing and Externalizing Problems in Spanish Adolescents, 23 (4), 654–659. González, M., & Garcia, M. (2014). Influence of parenting style on the academic performance of middle school students. Multidisciplinary Journal of Educational Research, 4 (2), 182-210. doi:10.4471/remie.2014.10.
González-Forteza, C., Echeagaray, F., & Jiménez Tapia, A. (2012). Escala de Depresión del Centro de Estudios Epidemiológicos (CES-D) en México: Análisis bibliométrico. Salud Mental, 35 (1), 13–20.
González Lugo, S., Pineda Domínguez, A., & Gaxiola Romero, J. (2018). Depresión adolescente: Factores de riesgo y apoyo social como factor protector. Adolescent Depression: Risk Factors and Social Support as a Protective Factor, 17 (3), 1-11. doi:10.11144/Javeriana.upsy17-3.dafr.
Goodman, R., Ford, T., Simmons, H., Gatward, R., & Meltzer, H. (2000). Using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) to screen for child psychiatric disorders in a community sample. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 177 (6), 534–539.
Grolnick, W., & Pomerantz, E. (2009). Issues and Challenges in Studying Parental Control: Toward a New Conceptualization. Child Development Perspectives, 3 (3), 165-170. doi:10.1111/j.1750-8606.2009.00099.x.
Gutiérrez, B., Madrigal-De León, E. A., & Martínez-Munguía, C. (2018). Factores Psicológicos y Relacionales Asociados a Episodios de Embriaguez en Adolescentes Escolares de Guadalajara, México. Revista Colombiana de Psicología, 27 (1), 105–116.
Halgunseth, L., Perkins, D., Lippold, M., & Nix, R. (2013). Delinquent-oriented attitudes mediate the relation between parental inconsistent discipline and early adolescent behavior. Journal of Family Psychology, 27 (2), 293–302. doi:10.1037/a0031962.
Hill, N., Witherspoon, D., & Bartz, D. (2018). Parental involvement in education during middle school: Perspectives of ethnically diverse parents, teachers, and students. The Journal of Educational Research, 111 (1), 12–27. doi:10.1080/00220671.2016.1190910.
Holtrop, K., McNeil Smith, S., & Scott, J. (2015). Associations between Positive Parenting Practices and Child Externalizing Behavior in Underserved Latino Immigrant Families. Family Process, 54 (2), 359–375. doi:10.1111/famp.12105.
Kader, Z., & Roman, N. (2018). The effects of family conflict on the psychological needs and externalising behaviour of preadolescents. Social Work, 54 (1), 37–52. doi:10.15270/54-1-613.
Kiel, E., & Buss, K. (2011). Prospective relations among fearful temperament, protective parenting, and social withdrawal: The role of maternal accuracy in a moderated mediation framework. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 39 (7), 953–966.
Kline, G., Killoren, S., & Alfaro, E. (2016). Perceived parental psychological control, familism values, and Mexican American college students’ adjustment. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 22 (4), 524–532. doi:10.1037/cdp0000096.
Laursen, B., & Collins, W. (2009). Parent-Child relationships during adolescence. In Handbook of adolescent psychology (3rd ed., Vol. 2, pp. 1-42). New York: Wiley.
Lindsey, E. (2018). Cultural Values and Coparenting Quality in Families of Mexican Origin. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 49 (10), 1523–1538.
Marbell-Pierre, K., Grolnick, W., Stewart, A., & Raftery- Helmer, J. (2019). Parental Autonomy Support in Two Cultures: The Moderating Effects of Adolescents’ Self-Construals. Child Development, 90 (3), 825–845.
Marchand-Reilly, J. (2012). The Role of Fathers’ Depressive Symptoms and Lax and Over-Reactive Discipline in Children’s Externalizing and Internalizing Behaviors. Journal of Adult Development, 19 (4), 181–189. doi:10.1007/s10804-012-9145-3.
Méndez, M., Andrade Palos, P., & Peñaloza, R. (2013). Prácticas parentales y capacidades y dificultades en preadolescentes. Psicología y Educación, 15 (1), 99–118.
Musitu, G., & García, F. (2004). Espa29: Escala de estilos de socialización parental en la adolescencia: manual (2nd ed.). Madrid: Tea.
Omer, H., Satran, S., & Driter, O. (2016). Vigilant care: An integrative reformulation regarding parental monitoring. Psychological Review, 123 (3), 291–304. doi:10.1037/rev0000024.
Parra, M., Estrada, E., van Barneveld, H., Montiel, L., & López, J. (2014). Tareas de crianza de padres mexicanos con hijos adolescentes. CIENCIA Ergo-Sum, Revista Científica Multidisciplinaria de Prospectiva, 21 (1), 21–26.
Pouliot-Lapointe, J., Gagné, M., Drapeau, S., & Saint- Jacques, M. (2014). Conduites parentales psychologiquement violentes et problèmes de comportement des jeunes: Une étude bidirectionnelle. [Psychologically violent parenting and youth behavior problems: A bidirectional study]. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science / Revue Canadienne Des Sciences Du Comportement, 46 (2), 193–204. doi:10.1037/a0030577.
Raya Trenas, A., Pino-Osuna, M., & Herruzo-Cabrera. (2012). La interacción entre padres e hijos y su relación con los problemas de conducta externalizante. Análisis y Modificación de Conducta, 38 (157), 59–69.
Rivera Gutiérrez, M. (2013). Análisis psicométrico del cuestionario de capacidades y dificultades (SDQ) administrado en profesores de niños y niñas escolares de la Provincia de Santiago de Chile. Madrid: Tea. Retrieved from http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/133869.
Segura, C., Vallejo, C., Osorno, M., Rojas, R., & Reyes, G. (2011). La Escala de Prácticas Parentales de Andrade y Betancourt en adolescentes veracruzanos. Revista de Educación y Desarrollo, 6 (18), 67–73.
Sociedad Mexicana de Psicología. (2010). Código ético del psicólogo (4th ed.). Trillas.
Soenens, B., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2010). A theoretical upgrade of the concept of parental psychological control: Proposing new insights on the basis of self-determination theory. Developmental Review, 30 (1), 74–99.
Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., & Sierens, E. (2009). How Are Parental Psychological Control and Autonomy-Support Related? A Cluster-Analytic Approach. Journal of Marriage & Family, 71 (1), 187–202. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2008.00589.x.
Sotelo, M. T., & FUPAVI. (2015). Estadísticas y Análisis Situación Infancia en México 2015. Trillas. Retrieved from http://www.fundacionenpantalla.org/attachments/article/6/ESTADISTICAS_Y_ANALISIS_-SITUACI%C3%93N_INFANCIA_EN_MEXICO_2015.pdf.
UNICEF México. (2017). Informe anual méxico 2017 (No. 1). Trillas. Retrieved from UNICEF website: https://www.unicef.org.mx/Informe2017/Informe-Anual-2017.pdf.
Varela, S., Castañeda, D., Galindo, M., Moreno, A., & Salguero, L. (2019). Tendencias de investigaciones sobre pautas y prácticas de crianza en Latinoamérica. Infancias Imágenes, 18 (2).
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