Mood and Affective Balance of Spaniards Confined by COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors
María del Carmen Pérez-Fuentes
María del Mar Molero Jurado
África Martos Martínez
María del Mar Sim´ón Márquez
José Jesús Gázquez Linares
PDF
FLIP
How to Cite
Pérez-Fuentes, M. del C., Molero Jurado, M. del M., Martos Martínez, África, Sim´ón Márquez, M. del M., & Gázquez Linares, J. J. (2021). Mood and Affective Balance of Spaniards Confined by COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Psychological Research, 14(1), 55–65. https://doi.org/10.21500/20112084.4765
More Citation Formats
License terms
▼
The work that is sent to this journal must be original, not published or sent to be published elsewhere; and if it is accepted for publication, authors will agree to transfer copyright to International Journal of Psychological Research.
To give up copyright, the authors allow that, International Journal of Psychological Research, distribute the work more broadly, check for the reuse by others and take care of the necessary procedures for the registration and administration of copyright; at the same time, our editorial board represents the interests of the author and allows authors to re-use his work in various forms. In response to the above, authors transfer copyright to the journal, International Journal of Psychological Research. This transfer does not imply other rights which are not those of authorship (for example those that concern about patents). Likewise, preserves the authors rights to use the work integral or partially in lectures, books and courses, as well as make copies for educational purposes. Finally, the authors may use freely the tables and figures in its future work, wherever make explicit reference to the previous publication in International Journal of Psychological Research. The assignment of copyright includes both virtual rights and forms of the article to allow the editorial to disseminate the work in the manner which it deems appropriate.
The editorial board reserves the right of amendments deemed necessary in the application of the rules of publication.
To give up copyright, the authors allow that, International Journal of Psychological Research, distribute the work more broadly, check for the reuse by others and take care of the necessary procedures for the registration and administration of copyright; at the same time, our editorial board represents the interests of the author and allows authors to re-use his work in various forms. In response to the above, authors transfer copyright to the journal, International Journal of Psychological Research. This transfer does not imply other rights which are not those of authorship (for example those that concern about patents). Likewise, preserves the authors rights to use the work integral or partially in lectures, books and courses, as well as make copies for educational purposes. Finally, the authors may use freely the tables and figures in its future work, wherever make explicit reference to the previous publication in International Journal of Psychological Research. The assignment of copyright includes both virtual rights and forms of the article to allow the editorial to disseminate the work in the manner which it deems appropriate.
The editorial board reserves the right of amendments deemed necessary in the application of the rules of publication.
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the mood and affective balance of Spaniards in quarantine and determine the predictive role of sociodemographic variables and mood on the negative affective balance. This cross-sectional study was carried out with a sample of 1014 Spanish adults, 67.2% were women and 32.8% men. The age ranged from 17 to 76. The instruments used were the Mood Assessment Scale and the Affective Balance Scale, which were implemented as a CAWI survey (Computer Aided Web Interviewing). Results showed that age correlated negatively with Sadness-Depression, Anxiety, and Happiness. Women had more Sadness-Depression, Anxiety, and negative affect, while men showed more Happiness and higher positive affect. Thus, the risk of a negative affective balance during confinement was greater for women and those who showed an emotional state marked by sadness-depression and anxiety, while older age and higher scores in happiness were associated with lower risk. In conclusion, knowing which groups are at risk of emotional and affective alteration can facilitate the detection and prevention of later disorders, such as severe stress and posttraumatic stress disorder, avoiding their generalized presence, and becoming a new public health problem derived from COVID-19.
Keywords:
References
Acosta, F., & Herrera, F. (2018). Anxiety and happiness as opposite emotional states in childhood. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 8 (2), 65–77. https://doi.org/10.30552/ejihpe.v8i2.245.
Arnáez, S., García-Soriano, G., López-Santiago, J., & Belloch, A. (2019). The spanish validation of the short health anxiety inventory: Psychometric properties and clinical utility. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 19 (3), 251–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2019.05.003.
Borges do Nascimiento, I. J., acic, N., Abdulazeem, H. M., von Groote, T. C., Jayarajah, U., Weerasekara, I., Esfahani, M. A., Civile, V. T., Marusic, A., Jeroncic, A., Carvas Junior, N., Pericic, T. P., Zakarija-Grkovic, I., Meirelles Guimarães, S. M., Luigi Bragazzi, N., Bjorklund, M., Sofi-Mahmudi, A., Altujjar, M., Tian, M., . . . Marcolino, M. S. (2020). Novel coronavirus infection (covid-19) in humans: A scoping review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9 (4), Article 941. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9040941.
Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet, 395 (10227), 912–920. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8.
Bueno-Notivol, J., Gracia-García, P., Olaya, B., Lasheras, I., López-Antón, R., & Santabárbara, J. (2020). Prevalence of depression during the covid-19 outbreak: A meta-analysis of communitybased studies. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 21 (1), Article 100196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2020.07.007.
Cao, W., Fang, Z., Huo, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J., & Zheng, J. (2020). The psychological impact of the covid-19 epidemic on college students in china. Psychiatry Research, 287, Article 112934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934.
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd Ed.) Erlbaum. Conti, A. A. (2017). Quarantine through History. In S. R. Quah (Ed.), International Encyclopedia of Public Health (2nd ed.) Elsevier.
Dalton, L., Rapa, E., & Stein, A. (2019). Protecting the psychological health of children through effective communication about COVID-19. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 4 (5), 346–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30097-3.
Danese, A., Smith, P., Chitsabesan, P., & Dubicka, B. (2020). Child and adolescent mental health amidst emergencies and disasters. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 216 (3), 159–162. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2019.244.
Godoy-Izquierdo, D., Martínez, A., & Godoy, J. F. (2008). La ńEscala de Balance Afectivoż. Propiedades psicométricas de un instrument para la media del afecto positivo y negativo en población española [The ńAffective Balance Scależ. Psychometric properties of an instrument to measure positive and negative affect in the Spanish population]. Clínica y Salud, 19 (2), 175–189.
Gorbalenya, A. E., Baker, S. C., Barix, R. S., de Groot, R. J., Drosten, C., Gulyaeva, A. A., Haagmans, B. L., Lauber, C., Leontovich, A. M., Neuman, B. W., Penzar, D., Perlman, S., Poon, L. L. M., Samborskiy, D. V., Sidorov, I. A., Sola, I., & Ziebuhr, J. (2020). The species severe acute respiratory syndromerelated coronavirus: Classifying 2019-ncov and naming it sars-cov-2. Nature Microbiology, 5, 536–544. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-020-0695-z.
Gould, C. E., Gerolimatos, L. A., Beaudreau, S. A., Mashal, N., & Edelstein, B. A. (2018). Older adults report more sadness and less jealousy than young adults in response to worry induction. Aging & Mental Health, 22 (4), 512–518. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2016.1277975.
Horton, R. (2020). Offline: Covid-19a reckoning. The Lancet, 395 (10228), Article 935. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30669-3.
Hsieh, Y. H., King, C. C., Chen, C. W. S., Ho, M. S., Hsu, S. B., & Wu, Y. C. (2007). Impact of quarantine on the 2003 sars outbreak: A retrospective modeling study. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 244 (4), 729–736. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2006.09.015.
Jiao, W. Y.,Wang, L. N., Fang, S. F., Jiao, Y., Pettoello-Mantovani, M., & Somekh, E. (2020). Behavioral and emotional disorders in children during the covid-19 epidemic. The Journal of Pediatrics, 221, 264–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.03.013.
Kim, S., & Kim, S. (2018). Exploring the Determinants of Perceived Risk of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) in Korea. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15 (6), Article 1168. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061168.
Lasheras, I., Gracia-García, P., Lipnicki, D., Bueno-Notivol, J., López-Antón, R., de la Cámara, C., Lobo, A., & Santabárbara, J. (2020). Prevalence of Anxiety in Medical Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Rapid Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17 (18), Article 6603. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186603.
Li, G., Wang, L., Cao, C., Fang, R., Cao, X., Chen, C., Elhai, J. D., & Hall, B. J. (2020). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and executive dysfunction among children and adolescents: A Latent Profile Analysis. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 19 (3), 228–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2019.07.001.
Li, H., Liu, S. M., Tang, S. L., & Tang, C. K. (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Current status and future perspective. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 55 (5), Article 105951. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105951.
Li, S., Wang, Y., Xue, J., Zhao, N., & Zhu, T. (2020). The Impact of COVID-19 Epidemic Declaration on Psychological Consequences: A Study on Active Weibo Users. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17 (6), Article 2032. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062032.
Lima, C. K. T., Carvalho, P. M. M., Lima, I. A. A. S., Nunes, J. V. A. O., Saraiva, J. S., De Souza, I., Lima, C. G., & Neto, M. L. R. (2020). The emotional impact of Coronavirus 2019-nCoV (new Coronavirus disease). Psychiatry Research, 287, Article 112915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112915.
Liu, N., Zhang, F., Wei, C., Jia, Y., Shang, Z., Sun, L., L. Wu, Z., S., Zhou, U., Wang, Y., & Liu, W. (2020). Prevalence and predictors of PTSS during COVID-19 Outbreak in China Hardesthit Areas: Gender differences matter. Psychiatry Research, 287, Article 112921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112921.
McDonald, R. (1999). Test theory: A unified approach. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Mizumoto, K., Kagaya, K., & Chowell, G. (2020). Early epidemiological assessment of the transmission potential and virulence of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in Wuhan City: China, 2019-2020. BMC Medicine, 18, Article 217. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-020-01691-x.
Molero, M. M., Pérez-Fuentes, M. C., Gázquez, J. J., Simón, M. M., & Martos, Á. (2018). Burnout Risk and Protection Factors in Certified Nursing Aides. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 15 (6), Article 1116. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061116.
Montemurro, N. (2020). The emotional impact of COVID-19: from medical staff to common people. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 87, 23–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.032.
Nguyen, H. C., Nguyen, M. H., Do, B. N., Tran, C. Q., Nguyen, T. T. P., Pham, K. M., Pham, L. V., Tran, K. V., Duong, T. T., Tran, T. V., Duong, T. H., Nguyen, T. T., Nguyen, Q. H., Hoang, T. M., Nguyen, K. T., Pham, T. T., Ynag, S. H., Chao, J. C., & Duong, T. V. (2020). People with SuspectedCOVID-19SymptomsWereMoreLikely DepressedandHadLower Health-RelatedQuality of Life: The Potential Benefit of Health Literacy. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9 (4), Article 965. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9040965.
Pérez-Fuentes, M. C., Molero, M. M., Martos, Á., & Gázquez, J. J. (2020). Threat of COVID-19 and emotional state during quarantine: Positive and negative affect as mediators in a cross-sectional study of the Spanish population. Plos One, 15 (6), e0235305. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235305.
Pietrzak, R. H., Maruff, P., Woodward, M., Fredrickson, J., Fredrickson, A., Krystal, J., Southwick, S. M., & Darby, D. (2012). Mild worry symptoms predict decline in learning and memory in healthy older adults: A 2-year prospective cohort study. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 20 (3), 266–275. http://doi.org/10.1097/JGP.0b013e3182107e24.
Pulopulos, M. M., Hidalgo, V., Puig-Pérez, S., & Salvador, A. (2018). Psychophysiological response to social stressors: Relevance of gender and age. Psicothema, 30 (2), 171–176. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2017.200.
Real Decreto 463. (2020, march 14). Por el que se declarael estado de alarma para la gestión de la situación de crisis sanitaria ocasionada por el COVID-19, de 18 de marzo de 2020, 25944 a 25945.
Ro, J. S., Lee, J. S., Kang, S. C., & Jung, H. M. (2017). Worry experienced during the 2015 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) pandemic in Korea. Plos One, 12 (3), e0173234. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0173234.
Ruiz-Hernández, J. A., Moral-Zafra, E., Llor-Esteban,B., & Jiménez-Barbero, J. A. (2020). Influence of Parental Styles and Other Psychosocial Variables on the Development of Externalizing Behaviors in Adolescents: A Systematic Review. The European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context, 11 (1), 9–21. https://doi.org/10.5093/ejpalc2018a11.
Sanz, J. (2001). Un instrumento para evaluar la eficacia de los procedimientos de inducción de estados de ánimo: la Escala de Valoración el estado de Ánimo (EVEA) [An instrument to assess the efficacy of mood induction procedures: the "Mood Rating Scale" (MRS)]. Análisis y Modificación de Conducta, 27 (111), 71–110.
Shim, E., Tariq, A., Choi, W., Lee, Y., & Chowell, G. (2020). Transmission potential and severity of COVID-19 in South Korea. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 93, 339–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.031.
Sim, K., Chan, Y., Chong, P., Chua, H., & Soon, S. (2010). Psychosocial and coping responses within the community health care setting towards a national outbreak of an infectious disease. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 68 (2), 195–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.04.004.
Skodzik, T., Zettler, T., Topper, M., Blechert, J., & Ehring, T. (2016). The effect of verbal and imagery-based worry versus distraction on the emotional response to a stressful in-vivo situation. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 52, 51–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.03.003.
Sohrabi, C., Alsafi, Z., O’Neill, N., Khan, M., Kerwan,A., Al-Jabir, A., Iosifidis, C., & Agha, R. (2020). World health organization declares global emergency: A review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19). International Journal of Surgery, 76, 71–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.02.034.
Soriano, J. G., Pérez-Fuentes, M. C., Molero, M. M., Tortosa, B. M., & González, A. (2019). Benefits of psychological intervention related to stress and anxiety: Systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Education and Psychology, 12 (2), 191–206. https://doi.org/10.30552/ejep.v12i2.283.
Ventura-León, J. L., & Caycho, T. (2017). El coefficient Omega: un método alternativo para la estimación de la confiabilidad [The Omega coefficient: an alternative method for estimating reliability]. Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, Niñez y Juventud, 15, 625–627.
Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C., & Ho, R. (2020). Immediate Psychological Responses and AssociatedFactors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17 (5), Article 1729. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051729.
Warr, P., Barter, J., & Brownbridge, G. (1983). On the independence of positive and negative affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44 (3), 644–651. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.44.3.644.
Wuthrich, V. M., Johnco, C. J., &Wetherell, J. L. (2015). Differences in anxiety and depression symptoms: Comparison between older and younger clinical samples. International Psychogeriatrics, 27 (9), 1523–1532. http://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610215000526.
Zandifar, A., & Badrfam, R. (2020). Iranian mental health during the covid-19 epidemic. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, Article 101990. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.101990.
Zhai, P., Ding, Y., Wu, X., Long, J., Zhong, Y., & Li, Y. (2020). The epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 55 (5), Article 105955. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105955.
Zhou, X. (2020). Psychological crisis interventions in sichuan province during the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak. Psychiatry Research, 286, Article 112895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112895.
Arnáez, S., García-Soriano, G., López-Santiago, J., & Belloch, A. (2019). The spanish validation of the short health anxiety inventory: Psychometric properties and clinical utility. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 19 (3), 251–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2019.05.003.
Borges do Nascimiento, I. J., acic, N., Abdulazeem, H. M., von Groote, T. C., Jayarajah, U., Weerasekara, I., Esfahani, M. A., Civile, V. T., Marusic, A., Jeroncic, A., Carvas Junior, N., Pericic, T. P., Zakarija-Grkovic, I., Meirelles Guimarães, S. M., Luigi Bragazzi, N., Bjorklund, M., Sofi-Mahmudi, A., Altujjar, M., Tian, M., . . . Marcolino, M. S. (2020). Novel coronavirus infection (covid-19) in humans: A scoping review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9 (4), Article 941. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9040941.
Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet, 395 (10227), 912–920. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8.
Bueno-Notivol, J., Gracia-García, P., Olaya, B., Lasheras, I., López-Antón, R., & Santabárbara, J. (2020). Prevalence of depression during the covid-19 outbreak: A meta-analysis of communitybased studies. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 21 (1), Article 100196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2020.07.007.
Cao, W., Fang, Z., Huo, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J., & Zheng, J. (2020). The psychological impact of the covid-19 epidemic on college students in china. Psychiatry Research, 287, Article 112934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934.
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd Ed.) Erlbaum. Conti, A. A. (2017). Quarantine through History. In S. R. Quah (Ed.), International Encyclopedia of Public Health (2nd ed.) Elsevier.
Dalton, L., Rapa, E., & Stein, A. (2019). Protecting the psychological health of children through effective communication about COVID-19. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 4 (5), 346–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30097-3.
Danese, A., Smith, P., Chitsabesan, P., & Dubicka, B. (2020). Child and adolescent mental health amidst emergencies and disasters. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 216 (3), 159–162. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2019.244.
Godoy-Izquierdo, D., Martínez, A., & Godoy, J. F. (2008). La ńEscala de Balance Afectivoż. Propiedades psicométricas de un instrument para la media del afecto positivo y negativo en población española [The ńAffective Balance Scależ. Psychometric properties of an instrument to measure positive and negative affect in the Spanish population]. Clínica y Salud, 19 (2), 175–189.
Gorbalenya, A. E., Baker, S. C., Barix, R. S., de Groot, R. J., Drosten, C., Gulyaeva, A. A., Haagmans, B. L., Lauber, C., Leontovich, A. M., Neuman, B. W., Penzar, D., Perlman, S., Poon, L. L. M., Samborskiy, D. V., Sidorov, I. A., Sola, I., & Ziebuhr, J. (2020). The species severe acute respiratory syndromerelated coronavirus: Classifying 2019-ncov and naming it sars-cov-2. Nature Microbiology, 5, 536–544. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-020-0695-z.
Gould, C. E., Gerolimatos, L. A., Beaudreau, S. A., Mashal, N., & Edelstein, B. A. (2018). Older adults report more sadness and less jealousy than young adults in response to worry induction. Aging & Mental Health, 22 (4), 512–518. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2016.1277975.
Horton, R. (2020). Offline: Covid-19a reckoning. The Lancet, 395 (10228), Article 935. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30669-3.
Hsieh, Y. H., King, C. C., Chen, C. W. S., Ho, M. S., Hsu, S. B., & Wu, Y. C. (2007). Impact of quarantine on the 2003 sars outbreak: A retrospective modeling study. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 244 (4), 729–736. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2006.09.015.
Jiao, W. Y.,Wang, L. N., Fang, S. F., Jiao, Y., Pettoello-Mantovani, M., & Somekh, E. (2020). Behavioral and emotional disorders in children during the covid-19 epidemic. The Journal of Pediatrics, 221, 264–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.03.013.
Kim, S., & Kim, S. (2018). Exploring the Determinants of Perceived Risk of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) in Korea. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15 (6), Article 1168. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061168.
Lasheras, I., Gracia-García, P., Lipnicki, D., Bueno-Notivol, J., López-Antón, R., de la Cámara, C., Lobo, A., & Santabárbara, J. (2020). Prevalence of Anxiety in Medical Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Rapid Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17 (18), Article 6603. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186603.
Li, G., Wang, L., Cao, C., Fang, R., Cao, X., Chen, C., Elhai, J. D., & Hall, B. J. (2020). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and executive dysfunction among children and adolescents: A Latent Profile Analysis. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 19 (3), 228–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2019.07.001.
Li, H., Liu, S. M., Tang, S. L., & Tang, C. K. (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Current status and future perspective. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 55 (5), Article 105951. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105951.
Li, S., Wang, Y., Xue, J., Zhao, N., & Zhu, T. (2020). The Impact of COVID-19 Epidemic Declaration on Psychological Consequences: A Study on Active Weibo Users. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17 (6), Article 2032. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062032.
Lima, C. K. T., Carvalho, P. M. M., Lima, I. A. A. S., Nunes, J. V. A. O., Saraiva, J. S., De Souza, I., Lima, C. G., & Neto, M. L. R. (2020). The emotional impact of Coronavirus 2019-nCoV (new Coronavirus disease). Psychiatry Research, 287, Article 112915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112915.
Liu, N., Zhang, F., Wei, C., Jia, Y., Shang, Z., Sun, L., L. Wu, Z., S., Zhou, U., Wang, Y., & Liu, W. (2020). Prevalence and predictors of PTSS during COVID-19 Outbreak in China Hardesthit Areas: Gender differences matter. Psychiatry Research, 287, Article 112921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112921.
McDonald, R. (1999). Test theory: A unified approach. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Mizumoto, K., Kagaya, K., & Chowell, G. (2020). Early epidemiological assessment of the transmission potential and virulence of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in Wuhan City: China, 2019-2020. BMC Medicine, 18, Article 217. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-020-01691-x.
Molero, M. M., Pérez-Fuentes, M. C., Gázquez, J. J., Simón, M. M., & Martos, Á. (2018). Burnout Risk and Protection Factors in Certified Nursing Aides. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 15 (6), Article 1116. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061116.
Montemurro, N. (2020). The emotional impact of COVID-19: from medical staff to common people. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 87, 23–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.032.
Nguyen, H. C., Nguyen, M. H., Do, B. N., Tran, C. Q., Nguyen, T. T. P., Pham, K. M., Pham, L. V., Tran, K. V., Duong, T. T., Tran, T. V., Duong, T. H., Nguyen, T. T., Nguyen, Q. H., Hoang, T. M., Nguyen, K. T., Pham, T. T., Ynag, S. H., Chao, J. C., & Duong, T. V. (2020). People with SuspectedCOVID-19SymptomsWereMoreLikely DepressedandHadLower Health-RelatedQuality of Life: The Potential Benefit of Health Literacy. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9 (4), Article 965. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9040965.
Pérez-Fuentes, M. C., Molero, M. M., Martos, Á., & Gázquez, J. J. (2020). Threat of COVID-19 and emotional state during quarantine: Positive and negative affect as mediators in a cross-sectional study of the Spanish population. Plos One, 15 (6), e0235305. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235305.
Pietrzak, R. H., Maruff, P., Woodward, M., Fredrickson, J., Fredrickson, A., Krystal, J., Southwick, S. M., & Darby, D. (2012). Mild worry symptoms predict decline in learning and memory in healthy older adults: A 2-year prospective cohort study. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 20 (3), 266–275. http://doi.org/10.1097/JGP.0b013e3182107e24.
Pulopulos, M. M., Hidalgo, V., Puig-Pérez, S., & Salvador, A. (2018). Psychophysiological response to social stressors: Relevance of gender and age. Psicothema, 30 (2), 171–176. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2017.200.
Real Decreto 463. (2020, march 14). Por el que se declarael estado de alarma para la gestión de la situación de crisis sanitaria ocasionada por el COVID-19, de 18 de marzo de 2020, 25944 a 25945.
Ro, J. S., Lee, J. S., Kang, S. C., & Jung, H. M. (2017). Worry experienced during the 2015 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) pandemic in Korea. Plos One, 12 (3), e0173234. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0173234.
Ruiz-Hernández, J. A., Moral-Zafra, E., Llor-Esteban,B., & Jiménez-Barbero, J. A. (2020). Influence of Parental Styles and Other Psychosocial Variables on the Development of Externalizing Behaviors in Adolescents: A Systematic Review. The European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context, 11 (1), 9–21. https://doi.org/10.5093/ejpalc2018a11.
Sanz, J. (2001). Un instrumento para evaluar la eficacia de los procedimientos de inducción de estados de ánimo: la Escala de Valoración el estado de Ánimo (EVEA) [An instrument to assess the efficacy of mood induction procedures: the "Mood Rating Scale" (MRS)]. Análisis y Modificación de Conducta, 27 (111), 71–110.
Shim, E., Tariq, A., Choi, W., Lee, Y., & Chowell, G. (2020). Transmission potential and severity of COVID-19 in South Korea. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 93, 339–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.031.
Sim, K., Chan, Y., Chong, P., Chua, H., & Soon, S. (2010). Psychosocial and coping responses within the community health care setting towards a national outbreak of an infectious disease. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 68 (2), 195–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.04.004.
Skodzik, T., Zettler, T., Topper, M., Blechert, J., & Ehring, T. (2016). The effect of verbal and imagery-based worry versus distraction on the emotional response to a stressful in-vivo situation. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 52, 51–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.03.003.
Sohrabi, C., Alsafi, Z., O’Neill, N., Khan, M., Kerwan,A., Al-Jabir, A., Iosifidis, C., & Agha, R. (2020). World health organization declares global emergency: A review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19). International Journal of Surgery, 76, 71–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.02.034.
Soriano, J. G., Pérez-Fuentes, M. C., Molero, M. M., Tortosa, B. M., & González, A. (2019). Benefits of psychological intervention related to stress and anxiety: Systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Education and Psychology, 12 (2), 191–206. https://doi.org/10.30552/ejep.v12i2.283.
Ventura-León, J. L., & Caycho, T. (2017). El coefficient Omega: un método alternativo para la estimación de la confiabilidad [The Omega coefficient: an alternative method for estimating reliability]. Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, Niñez y Juventud, 15, 625–627.
Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C., & Ho, R. (2020). Immediate Psychological Responses and AssociatedFactors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17 (5), Article 1729. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051729.
Warr, P., Barter, J., & Brownbridge, G. (1983). On the independence of positive and negative affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44 (3), 644–651. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.44.3.644.
Wuthrich, V. M., Johnco, C. J., &Wetherell, J. L. (2015). Differences in anxiety and depression symptoms: Comparison between older and younger clinical samples. International Psychogeriatrics, 27 (9), 1523–1532. http://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610215000526.
Zandifar, A., & Badrfam, R. (2020). Iranian mental health during the covid-19 epidemic. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, Article 101990. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.101990.
Zhai, P., Ding, Y., Wu, X., Long, J., Zhong, Y., & Li, Y. (2020). The epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 55 (5), Article 105955. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105955.
Zhou, X. (2020). Psychological crisis interventions in sichuan province during the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak. Psychiatry Research, 286, Article 112895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112895.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
Cited by
