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Schmalbach, B., Zenger, M., Nanette Tibubos, A., Borkenhagen, A., Strauss, B., & Brähler, E. (2020). The Narcissistic Personality Inventory 8: Validation of a Brief Measure of Narcissistic Personality. International Journal of Psychological Research, 13(2), 68–77. https://doi.org/10.21500/20112084.4855
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To give up copyright, the authors allow that, International Journal of Psychological Research, distribute the work more broadly, check for the reuse by others and take care of the necessary procedures for the registration and administration of copyright; at the same time, our editorial board represents the interests of the author and allows authors to re-use his work in various forms. In response to the above, authors transfer copyright to the journal, International Journal of Psychological Research. This transfer does not imply other rights which are not those of authorship (for example those that concern about patents). Likewise, preserves the authors rights to use the work integral or partially in lectures, books and courses, as well as make copies for educational purposes. Finally, the authors may use freely the tables and figures in its future work, wherever make explicit reference to the previous publication in International Journal of Psychological Research. The assignment of copyright includes both virtual rights and forms of the article to allow the editorial to disseminate the work in the manner which it deems appropriate.
The editorial board reserves the right of amendments deemed necessary in the application of the rules of publication.
Abstract
The present study was conducted with the aim of constructing and validating a short form of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI). The NPI is the most widely-applied measure for the assessment of narcissistic personality traits and, therefore, it is of great relevance for many research questions in personality and social psychology. To develop the short scale, we first found the optimal eight-item solution among all valid combinations of the NPI-15 items in an exploratory subsample (n = 1,165) of our complete representative sample of the German general population. We then validated this model in a confirmatory subsample (n = 1,126). Additionally, we examined its invariance across age groups and sex, as well as its reliability, as well as construct and predictive validity —comparing it to the NPI-15. Our results indicate that the NPI-8 is a valid and reliable measure of narcissistic personality with minimal losses compared to the 15-item version. Particularly where brevity and an economical assessment are desired, the NPI-8 should be considered.
References
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Campbell, W.K. & Foster, J.D. (2007). The narcissistic self: Background, an extended agency model, and ongoing controversies. In C. Sedikides & S. Spencer (Eds.), Frontiers in Social Psychology: The Self (pp. 115-138). Psychology Press.
Chalmers, R. P. (2012). mirt: A multidimensional item response theory package for the R environment. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(6), 1-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18637/jss.v048.i06
Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 14(3), 464-504. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701301834
Corry, N., Merritt, R. D., Mrug, S., & Pamp, B. (2008). The factor structure of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory. Journal of Personality Assessment, 90(6), 593-600. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223890802388590
Davis, C., Dionne, M., & Shuster, B. (2001). Physical and psychological correlates of appearance orientation. Personality and Individual Differences, 30(1), 21-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869%2800%2900006-4
Dunn, T. J., Baguley, T., & Brunsden, V. (2014). From alpha to omega: A practical solution to the pervasive problem of internal consistency estimation. British Journal of Psychology, 105(3), 399-412. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12046
Elliot, A. J., & Thrash, T. M. (2001). Narcissism and motivation. Psychological Inquiry, 12(4), 216-219.
Federal Statistical Office of Germany (2019). Bevölkerung [Population]. https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bevoelkerung/_inhalt.html.
Frances, A., Sacks, M., & Aronoff, M. S. (1977). Depersonalization: a self-relations perspective. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 58, 325-331.
Freud, S. (1955). On narcissism: An introduction. Hogarth Press. (Original work published 1914)
Gentile, B., Miller, J. D., Hoffman, B. J., Reidy, D. E., Zeichner, A., & Campbell, W. K. (2013). A test of two brief measures of grandiose narcissism: The Narcissistic Personality Inventory–13 and the Narcissistic Personality Inventory-16. Psychological Assessment, 25(4), 1120-1136. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033192
Green, S. B., & Yang, Y. (2009). Reliability of summed item scores using structural equation modeling: An alternative to coefficient alpha. Psychometrika, 74(1), 155–167. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11336-008-9100-1
Grijalva, E., Newman, D. A., Tay, L., Donnellan, M. B., Harms, P. D., Robins, R. W., & Yan, T. (2015). Gender differences in narcissism: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 141(2), 261. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038231
Hermann, A. D., Brunell, A. B., & Foster, J. D. (2018). Handbook of Trait Narcissism: Key Advances, Research Methods, and Controversies. Springer.
Herrmann, C., Scholz, K. H., & Kreuzer, H. (1991). Psychologic screening of patients of a cardiologic acute care clinic with the German version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik, Medizinische Psychologie, 41(2), 83-92.
Hinz, A., & Brähler, E. (2011). Normative values for the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) in the general German population. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 71(2), 74-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2011.01.005
Jonkmann, K., Becker, M., Marsh, H. W., Lüdtke, O., & Trautwein, U. (2012). Personality traits moderate the Big-Fish–Little-Pond Effect of academic self-concept. Learning and Individual Differences, 22(6), 736-746. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2012.07.020
Joreskog, K. G., & Moustaki, I. (2001). Factor analy- sis of ordinal variables: A comparison of three approaches. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 36, 347-387. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327906347-387
Jorgensen, T. D., Pornprasertmanit, S., Schoemann, A. M., & Rosseel, Y. (2018). semTools: Useful tools for structural equation modeling. R package version 0.5-0. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=semTools
Kamata, A., & Bauer, D. J. (2008). A note on the relation between factor analytic and item response theory models. Structural Equation Modeling, 15, 136-153. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701758406
Kristensen, T. S., Hannerz, H., Hogh, A., & Borg, V. (2005). The Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire-a tool for the assessment and improvement of the psychosocial work environment. Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment and Health, 31(6), 438-449. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.948
Lasch, C. (2018). The Culture of Narcissism: American Life in an Age of Diminishing Expectations. W.W. Norton & Company.
Li, C. H. (2016). Confirmatory factor analysis with ordinal data: Comparing robust maximum likelihood and diagonally weighted least squares. Behavior Research Methods, 48(3), 936-949. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-015-0619-7
Michal, M., Kaufhold, J., Overbeck, G., & Grabhorn, R. (2006). Narcissistic regulation of the self and interpersonal problems in depersonalized patients. Psychopathology, 39(4), 192-198. https://doi.org/10.1159/000093523
Michal, M., Zwerenz, R., Tschan, R., Edinger, J., Lichy, M., Knebel, A., Tuin, I. & Beutel, M. (2010). Screening nach Depersonalisation-Derealisation mittels zweier Items der Cambridge Depersonalisation Scale. PPmP-Psychotherapie· Psychosomatik· Medizinische Psychologie, 60(05), 175-179.
Milfont, T. L., & Fischer, R. (2010). Testing measurement invariance across groups: Applications in crosscultural research. International Journal of Psychological Research, 3(1), 111-130. https://doi.org/10.21500/20112084.857
Millsap, R. E., & Yun-Tein, J. (2004). Assessing factorial invariance in ordered-categorical measures. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39(3), 479-515. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327906MBR3903_4
Nübling, M., Stößel, U., Hasselhorn, H. M., Michaelis, M., & Hofmann, F. (2006). Measuring psychological stress and strain at work-Evaluation of the COPSOQ Questionnaire in Germany. GMS Psycho-Social Medicine, 3, Doc05.
Raskin, R. N., & Hall, C. S. (1979). A narcissistic personality inventory. Psychological Reports, 45(2), 590. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1979.45.2.590
Rosseel, Y. (2012). lavaan: An R Package for Structural Equation Modeling. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2), 1-36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18637/jss.v048.i02
Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of psychological research online, 8(2), 23-74.
Schultze, M. (2018). stuart: Subtests Using Algorithmic Rummaging Techniques. R package version 0.7.3. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=stuart
Schütz, A., Marcus, B., & Sellin, I. (2004). Measuring narcissism as a personality construct: Psychometric properties of a long and a short version of the German Narcissistic Personality Inventory. Diagnostica, 50(4), 202-218. https://doi.org/10.1026/0012-1924.50.4.202
Sierra, M., & Berrios, G. E. (2000). The Cambridge Depersonalisation Scale: a new instrument for the measurement of depersonalisation. Psychiatry Research, 93(2), 153-164. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-1781(00)00100-1
Spangenberg, L., Romppel, M., Bormann, B., Hofmeister, D., Brähler, E., & Strauß, B. (2013). Psychometrische Überprüfung einer Kurzform des Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI-15): Dimensionalität und psychometrische Eigenschaften des NPI-15 in einer repräsentativen Bevölkerungsstichprobe. PPmP-Psychotherapie· Psychosomatik· Medizinische Psychologie, 63(08), 341-347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1333288
Soyer, R. B., Rovenpor, J. L., & Kopelman, R. E. (1999). Narcissism and achievement motivation as related to three facets of the sales role: Attraction, satisfaction and performance. Journal of Business and psychology, 14(2), 285-304.
Tibubos, A. N., Grammes, J., Beutel, M. E., Michal, M., Schmutzer, G., & Brähler, E. (2018). Emotion regulation strategies moderate the relationship of fatigue with depersonalization and derealization symptoms. Journal of Affective Disorders, 227, 571-579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.11.079
Twenge, J. M. (2013). The evidence for generation me and against generation we. Emerging Adulthood, 1(1), 11-16. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2167696812466548
Wu, H., & Estabrook, R. (2016). Identification of confirmatory factor analysis models of different levels of invariance for ordered categorical outcomes. Psychometrika, 81(4), 1014-1045. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11336-016-9506-0
Żemojtel-Piotrowska, M., Piotrowski, J., Rogoza, R., Baran, T., Hitokoto, H., & Maltby, J. (2018). Cross-cultural invariance of NPI-13: Entitlement as culturally specific, leadership and grandiosity as culturally universal. International Journal of Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12487
Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983). The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67(6), 361-370. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x
Back, M. D., Küfner, A. C., Dufner, M., Gerlach, T. M., Rauthmann, J. F., & Denissen, J. J. (2013). Narcissistic admiration and rivalry: Disentangling the bright and dark sides of narcissism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 105(6), 1013-1037. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034431
Burton, J. P., & Hoobler, J. M. (2011). Aggressive reactions to abusive supervision: The role of interactional justice and narcissism. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 52(4), 389-398. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2011.00886.x
Campbell, W.K. & Foster, J.D. (2007). The narcissistic self: Background, an extended agency model, and ongoing controversies. In C. Sedikides & S. Spencer (Eds.), Frontiers in Social Psychology: The Self (pp. 115-138). Psychology Press.
Chalmers, R. P. (2012). mirt: A multidimensional item response theory package for the R environment. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(6), 1-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18637/jss.v048.i06
Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 14(3), 464-504. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701301834
Corry, N., Merritt, R. D., Mrug, S., & Pamp, B. (2008). The factor structure of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory. Journal of Personality Assessment, 90(6), 593-600. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223890802388590
Davis, C., Dionne, M., & Shuster, B. (2001). Physical and psychological correlates of appearance orientation. Personality and Individual Differences, 30(1), 21-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869%2800%2900006-4
Dunn, T. J., Baguley, T., & Brunsden, V. (2014). From alpha to omega: A practical solution to the pervasive problem of internal consistency estimation. British Journal of Psychology, 105(3), 399-412. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12046
Elliot, A. J., & Thrash, T. M. (2001). Narcissism and motivation. Psychological Inquiry, 12(4), 216-219.
Federal Statistical Office of Germany (2019). Bevölkerung [Population]. https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bevoelkerung/_inhalt.html.
Frances, A., Sacks, M., & Aronoff, M. S. (1977). Depersonalization: a self-relations perspective. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 58, 325-331.
Freud, S. (1955). On narcissism: An introduction. Hogarth Press. (Original work published 1914)
Gentile, B., Miller, J. D., Hoffman, B. J., Reidy, D. E., Zeichner, A., & Campbell, W. K. (2013). A test of two brief measures of grandiose narcissism: The Narcissistic Personality Inventory–13 and the Narcissistic Personality Inventory-16. Psychological Assessment, 25(4), 1120-1136. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033192
Green, S. B., & Yang, Y. (2009). Reliability of summed item scores using structural equation modeling: An alternative to coefficient alpha. Psychometrika, 74(1), 155–167. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11336-008-9100-1
Grijalva, E., Newman, D. A., Tay, L., Donnellan, M. B., Harms, P. D., Robins, R. W., & Yan, T. (2015). Gender differences in narcissism: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 141(2), 261. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038231
Hermann, A. D., Brunell, A. B., & Foster, J. D. (2018). Handbook of Trait Narcissism: Key Advances, Research Methods, and Controversies. Springer.
Herrmann, C., Scholz, K. H., & Kreuzer, H. (1991). Psychologic screening of patients of a cardiologic acute care clinic with the German version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik, Medizinische Psychologie, 41(2), 83-92.
Hinz, A., & Brähler, E. (2011). Normative values for the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) in the general German population. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 71(2), 74-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2011.01.005
Jonkmann, K., Becker, M., Marsh, H. W., Lüdtke, O., & Trautwein, U. (2012). Personality traits moderate the Big-Fish–Little-Pond Effect of academic self-concept. Learning and Individual Differences, 22(6), 736-746. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2012.07.020
Joreskog, K. G., & Moustaki, I. (2001). Factor analy- sis of ordinal variables: A comparison of three approaches. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 36, 347-387. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327906347-387
Jorgensen, T. D., Pornprasertmanit, S., Schoemann, A. M., & Rosseel, Y. (2018). semTools: Useful tools for structural equation modeling. R package version 0.5-0. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=semTools
Kamata, A., & Bauer, D. J. (2008). A note on the relation between factor analytic and item response theory models. Structural Equation Modeling, 15, 136-153. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701758406
Kristensen, T. S., Hannerz, H., Hogh, A., & Borg, V. (2005). The Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire-a tool for the assessment and improvement of the psychosocial work environment. Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment and Health, 31(6), 438-449. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.948
Lasch, C. (2018). The Culture of Narcissism: American Life in an Age of Diminishing Expectations. W.W. Norton & Company.
Li, C. H. (2016). Confirmatory factor analysis with ordinal data: Comparing robust maximum likelihood and diagonally weighted least squares. Behavior Research Methods, 48(3), 936-949. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-015-0619-7
Michal, M., Kaufhold, J., Overbeck, G., & Grabhorn, R. (2006). Narcissistic regulation of the self and interpersonal problems in depersonalized patients. Psychopathology, 39(4), 192-198. https://doi.org/10.1159/000093523
Michal, M., Zwerenz, R., Tschan, R., Edinger, J., Lichy, M., Knebel, A., Tuin, I. & Beutel, M. (2010). Screening nach Depersonalisation-Derealisation mittels zweier Items der Cambridge Depersonalisation Scale. PPmP-Psychotherapie· Psychosomatik· Medizinische Psychologie, 60(05), 175-179.
Milfont, T. L., & Fischer, R. (2010). Testing measurement invariance across groups: Applications in crosscultural research. International Journal of Psychological Research, 3(1), 111-130. https://doi.org/10.21500/20112084.857
Millsap, R. E., & Yun-Tein, J. (2004). Assessing factorial invariance in ordered-categorical measures. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39(3), 479-515. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327906MBR3903_4
Nübling, M., Stößel, U., Hasselhorn, H. M., Michaelis, M., & Hofmann, F. (2006). Measuring psychological stress and strain at work-Evaluation of the COPSOQ Questionnaire in Germany. GMS Psycho-Social Medicine, 3, Doc05.
Raskin, R. N., & Hall, C. S. (1979). A narcissistic personality inventory. Psychological Reports, 45(2), 590. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1979.45.2.590
Rosseel, Y. (2012). lavaan: An R Package for Structural Equation Modeling. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2), 1-36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18637/jss.v048.i02
Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of psychological research online, 8(2), 23-74.
Schultze, M. (2018). stuart: Subtests Using Algorithmic Rummaging Techniques. R package version 0.7.3. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=stuart
Schütz, A., Marcus, B., & Sellin, I. (2004). Measuring narcissism as a personality construct: Psychometric properties of a long and a short version of the German Narcissistic Personality Inventory. Diagnostica, 50(4), 202-218. https://doi.org/10.1026/0012-1924.50.4.202
Sierra, M., & Berrios, G. E. (2000). The Cambridge Depersonalisation Scale: a new instrument for the measurement of depersonalisation. Psychiatry Research, 93(2), 153-164. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-1781(00)00100-1
Spangenberg, L., Romppel, M., Bormann, B., Hofmeister, D., Brähler, E., & Strauß, B. (2013). Psychometrische Überprüfung einer Kurzform des Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI-15): Dimensionalität und psychometrische Eigenschaften des NPI-15 in einer repräsentativen Bevölkerungsstichprobe. PPmP-Psychotherapie· Psychosomatik· Medizinische Psychologie, 63(08), 341-347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1333288
Soyer, R. B., Rovenpor, J. L., & Kopelman, R. E. (1999). Narcissism and achievement motivation as related to three facets of the sales role: Attraction, satisfaction and performance. Journal of Business and psychology, 14(2), 285-304.
Tibubos, A. N., Grammes, J., Beutel, M. E., Michal, M., Schmutzer, G., & Brähler, E. (2018). Emotion regulation strategies moderate the relationship of fatigue with depersonalization and derealization symptoms. Journal of Affective Disorders, 227, 571-579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.11.079
Twenge, J. M. (2013). The evidence for generation me and against generation we. Emerging Adulthood, 1(1), 11-16. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2167696812466548
Wu, H., & Estabrook, R. (2016). Identification of confirmatory factor analysis models of different levels of invariance for ordered categorical outcomes. Psychometrika, 81(4), 1014-1045. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11336-016-9506-0
Żemojtel-Piotrowska, M., Piotrowski, J., Rogoza, R., Baran, T., Hitokoto, H., & Maltby, J. (2018). Cross-cultural invariance of NPI-13: Entitlement as culturally specific, leadership and grandiosity as culturally universal. International Journal of Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12487
Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983). The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67(6), 361-370. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x
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