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Hernández-Torres, J. L., Benavides-Torres, R. A., Moreno-Monsiváis, M. G., Rodríguez-Vázquez, N., Martínez-Cervantes, R., & Cárdenas-Cortés, A. M. (2022). Use of Smartphones to Increase Safe Sexual Behavior in Youths at Risk for HIV. International Journal of Psychological Research, 15(1), 30–41. https://doi.org/10.21500/20112084.5329
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The editorial board reserves the right of amendments deemed necessary in the application of the rules of publication.
To give up copyright, the authors allow that, International Journal of Psychological Research, distribute the work more broadly, check for the reuse by others and take care of the necessary procedures for the registration and administration of copyright; at the same time, our editorial board represents the interests of the author and allows authors to re-use his work in various forms. In response to the above, authors transfer copyright to the journal, International Journal of Psychological Research. This transfer does not imply other rights which are not those of authorship (for example those that concern about patents). Likewise, preserves the authors rights to use the work integral or partially in lectures, books and courses, as well as make copies for educational purposes. Finally, the authors may use freely the tables and figures in its future work, wherever make explicit reference to the previous publication in International Journal of Psychological Research. The assignment of copyright includes both virtual rights and forms of the article to allow the editorial to disseminate the work in the manner which it deems appropriate.
The editorial board reserves the right of amendments deemed necessary in the application of the rules of publication.
Abstract
In Mexico, young people continue to experience problems due to a lack of correct and consistent condom use during sexual intercourse. Objective: to evaluate the effect of a randomized controlled clinical trial with the use of smartphones to increase safe sex intentions and safe sexual behavior. Methods: experimental design with two treatment groups with 177 young people who requested the rapid HIV test in a non-governmental organization in the city of Monterrey, Mexico. The experimental group was given Respect M-Health with the use of mobile devices; the control group was given similar counseling without the use of mobile technology and 8 pencil and paper instruments were used. Results: the effect of the experimental group was greater in safe sexual behavior reflected in the means at pre-test M=64.80 (SD=1.86), post-test M=85.33 (SD=1.54), and at 30 days M=87.40 (SD=1.52), and in the safe sex intentions factor at pre-test M=78.50 (SD=3.07), post-test M=94.70 (SD=2.46), and at 30 days M=95.74 (SD=2.29). Conclusions: Smartphone use was an effective tool as a support to increase safe sexual behavior in youth.
Keywords:
References
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Bandura, A. (1978). Social learning theory of Agression. Journal of Communication, 28 (3), 12–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1978.tb01621.x
Bandura, A. (1990). Perceived self-efficacy in the exercise of control over AIDS infection. Eval Program Plann, 13 (1), 9–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/0149-7189(90)90004-G
Bandura, A., & Bandura, A. (1994). Social cognitive theory and exercise of control over HIV infection. In R. J. DiClemente, & J.L. Peterson (Eds.), Preventing AIDS. AIDS Prevention and Mental Health (pp. 25–59). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1193-3_3
Bélanger Lejars, V. O., Bélanger, C. H., & Razmak, J. (2020). Exploring new measures of online sexual activities, device use, and gender differences. Computers in Human Behavior, 108, 106300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106300
Bernard, N., Victoria, M., & Declare, M. (2013). Correlates of Use of Condoms Among Sexually Active Youth in Southern Highlands, Tanzania. SAGE Open, 3 (2). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244013491406
Bleakley, A., Hennessy, M., Fishbein, M., & Jordan, A. (2011). Using the Integrative Model to Explain How Exposure to Sexual Media Content Influences Adolescent Sexual Behavior. Health Education & Behavior, 38 (5), 530–540. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198110385775
CENSIDA. (2014a). Guía Nacional para la Prevención del VIH y el sida.
CENSIDA. (2014b). La epidemia del VIH y el sida en México. Crisis, 000 (2014), 1–6.
Chandran, T. M., Berkvens, D., Chikobvu, P., Nöstlinger, C., Colebunders, R., Williams, B. G., & Speybroeck, N. (2012). Predictors of condom use and refusal among the population of Free State province in South Africa. BMC Public Health, 12 (1), 381. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-381
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Coyle, K. K., Franks, H. M., Glassman, J. R., & Stanoff, N. M. (2012). Condom Use: Slippage, Breakage, and Steps for Proper Use Among Adolescents in Alternative School Settings. Journal of School Health, 82 (8), 345–352. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2012.00708.x
Devine-Wright, H., Abraham, C., Onya, H., Ramatsea, S., Themane, M., & Aarø, L. E. (2015). Correlates of condom use and condom-use motivation among young South Africans. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 45 (12), 674–683. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12328
Eggers, S. M., Aarø, L. E., Bos, A. E. R., Mathews, C., Kaaya, S. F., Onya, H., & de Vries, H. (2016). Sociocognitive Predictors of Condom Use and Intentions Among Adolescents in Three Sub-Saharan Sites. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 45 (2), 353–365. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-015-0525-1
Ensanut. (2012). Ensanut 2012. Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública.
Espada, J. P., Morales, A., Guillén-Riquelme, A., Ballester, R., Orgilés, M., Guillén, A., Ballester, R., & Orgilés, M. (2016). Predicting condom use in adolescents: A test of three socio-cognitive models using a structural equation modeling approach. BMC Public Health, 16 (1), 35. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-2702-0
Fernández Velasco, V. (2018). Influencia de internet en la educación sexual de los adolescentes y el papel de enfermería [Thesis, Universidad Complutense de Madrid]. https://eprints.ucm.es/id/eprint/51624/
Fishbein, M. (2000). The role of theory in HIV prevention. Aids Care-Psychological and Socio-Medical Aspects of Aids/Hiv, 12 (3), 273–278. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540120050042918
Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (2011). Predicting and changing behavior: The reasoned action approach. Taylor & Francis.
García, E., Méndez, E., Fernández, P., & Cuesta, M. (2012). Sexualidad, Anticoncepción y Conducta Sexual de Riesgo en Adolescentes Sexuality [Contraception and Unsafe Sexual Behavior in Adolescents]. International Journal of Psychological Research, 5, 79–87.
Geter, A., & Crosby, R. (2014). Condom refusal and young black men: The influence of pleasure, sexual partners, and friends. Journal of Urban Health, 91 (3), 541–546. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-014-9869-4
Glanz, K., Rimer, B. K., & Viswanath, K. (2008). Health and health.
Goldenberg, T., McDougal, S. J., Sullivan, P. S., Stekler, J. D., & Stephenson, R. (2015). Building a Mobile HIV Prevention App for Men Who Have Sex With Men: An Iterative and Community-Driven Process. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance, 1 (2). https://doi.org/10.2196/publichealth.4449
Grove, S., Burns, N., & Gray, J. (2013). The Practice of Nursing Research: Appraisal, Synthesis, And Generation of Evidence (7th ed.). Elsevier.
Hamaker, H. C. (1962). On multiple regression analysis. Statistica Neerlandica, 16 (2). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9574.1962.tb01184.x
Hernández-Torres, J. L., Benavides-Torres, R. A., González y González, V. M., & Onofre-Rodríguez, D. J. (2019). Estudio de caso Mobile Prototype for the Promotion of Condom Use in Mexican Youth: a Case Study Introducción. Revista Cubana de Informática Médica, 11 (2), 65–79.
Hernández-Torres, J. L., Benavidez-Torres, R. A., Onofre’- Rodríguez, D. J., & Jímenez-Vázquez, V. (2018). Valoración cualitativa de cuidado en jóvenes mexicanos con riesgo de VIH/Sida. Revista Científica de Enfermería, 15, 5–18. https://rua.ua.es/dspace/bitstream/10045/77502/1/RECIEN_15_02.pdf
James, H. M., Papoutsi, C., Wherton, J., Greenhalgh, T., & Shaw, S. E. (2021). Spread, Scale-up, and Sustainability of Video Consulting in Health Care: Systematic Review and Synthesis Guided by the NASSS Framework. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23 (1), e23775. https://doi.org/10.2196/23775
Metsch, L. R., Feaster, D. J., Gooden, L., Schackman, B. R., Matheson, T., Das, M., Golden, M. R., Huffaker, S., Haynes, L. F., Tross, S., Malotte, C. K., Douaihy, A., Korthuis, P. T., Duffus, W. A., Henn, S., Bolan, R., Philip, S. S., Castro, J. G., Castellon, P. C., & Colfax, G. N. (2013). Effect of risk-reduction counseling with rapid HIV testing on risk of acquiring sexually transmitted infections: the AWARE randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 310 (16), 1701–1710. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.280034
Muessig, K., Pike, E., Legrand, S., & Hightow, L. (2013). Mobile phone applications for the care and prevention of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases: A review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 15 (1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2301
ONUSIDA. (2015, July 7). UNFPA, OMS y ONUSIDA: Declaración sobre los preservativos y la prevención del VIH, otras infecciones de transmisión sexual y el embarazo no deseado. ONUSIDA. www.unaids.org/es/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2015/july/20150702_condoms_prevention
Oppong Asante, K., Osafo, J., & Doku, P. N. (2016). The Role of Condom Use Self-Efficacy on Intended and Actual Condom Use Among University Students in Ghana. Journal of Community Health, 41 (1), 97–104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-015-0073-6
Rhodes, F., Stein, J. A., Fishbein, M., Goldstein, R. B., & Rotheram-Borus, M. J. (2007). Using theory to understand how interventions work: Project RESPECT, condom use, and the integrative model. AIDS and Behavior, 11 (3), 393–407. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-007-9208-9
Rushing, S. C., & Gardner, W. (2016). Native Voices: Adapting a video-based sexual health intervention for american indian teens and young adults using the adapt-ITT model. American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research, 23 (1), 24–46. https://doi.org/10.5820/aian.2301.2016.24
Schnall, R., Bakken, S., Rojas, M., Travers, J., & Carballo, A. (2015). mHealth Technology as a Persuasive Tool for Treatment, Care and Management of Persons Living with HIV. AIDS and Behavior, 19 (2), 81–89. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-014-0984-8
Sidani, S., & Braden, C. (2011). Design, Evaluation and Translation of Nursing Interventions. John Wiley & Sons.
Song, Y. S., Calsyn, D. A., Doyle, S. R., Dierst-Davies, R., Chen, T., & Sorensen, J. L. (2009). Predictors of condom use among men enrolled in drug treatment programs. AIDS Education and Prevention: Official Publication of the International Society for AIDS Education, 21 (5), 460–473. https://doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2009.21.5.460
SSA. (1987). Ley General de Salud en Materia de Investigación para la Salud. Diario Oficial. http://www.salud.gob.mx/unidades/cdi/nom/compi/rlgsmis.html
UNAIDS. (2016). 2016 United Nations Political Declaration on Ending AIDS sets world on the Fast-Track to end the epidemic by 2030. UNAIDS. https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/pressreleaseandstatementarchive/2016/june/20160608_PS_HLM_PoliticalDeclaration
Unicef. (2017). Children and AIDS: Statistical Update. United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund. https://data.unicef.org/resources/children-aids-statistical-update/
Uribe Alvarado, J. I., Bahamón, M. J., Ruíz, L. R., Trejos Herrera, A. M., & Alarcón-Vásquez, Y. (2017). Percepción de autoeficacia, asertividad sexual y uso del condón en jóvenes colombianos. Acta Colombiana de Psicología, 20 (1), 203–211. https://doi.org/10.14718/ACP.2017.20.1.10
Valdez-Montero, C. (2018). Validation of instrument: use of online sexual material in young university students. In Validation of instruments for the investigation of sexuality in vulnerable groups (pp. 47–75). Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All.
WHO. (2011). mHealth: New Horizons for Health through Mobile Technologies.World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/44607
WHO. (2022). HIV/ AIDS. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/health-topics/hiv-aids#tab=tab_1
Yzer, M. C. (2012). The Integrative Model of Behavioral Prediction as a Tool for Designing Health Messages. In Health Communication Message Design: Theory and Practice (pp. 21–40). http://www.sagepub.com/upm-data/43568_2.pdf
Babor, T. F., Higgins-Biddle, J. C., Saunders, J. B., & Monteiro, M. G. (2001). Cuestionario de Identificación de los Transtornos debidos al Consumo de Alcohol. Organización Mundial de La Salud, 6, 1–40. http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/activities/en/AUDITmanualSpanish.pdf
Bandura, A. (1978). Social learning theory of Agression. Journal of Communication, 28 (3), 12–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1978.tb01621.x
Bandura, A. (1990). Perceived self-efficacy in the exercise of control over AIDS infection. Eval Program Plann, 13 (1), 9–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/0149-7189(90)90004-G
Bandura, A., & Bandura, A. (1994). Social cognitive theory and exercise of control over HIV infection. In R. J. DiClemente, & J.L. Peterson (Eds.), Preventing AIDS. AIDS Prevention and Mental Health (pp. 25–59). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1193-3_3
Bélanger Lejars, V. O., Bélanger, C. H., & Razmak, J. (2020). Exploring new measures of online sexual activities, device use, and gender differences. Computers in Human Behavior, 108, 106300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106300
Bernard, N., Victoria, M., & Declare, M. (2013). Correlates of Use of Condoms Among Sexually Active Youth in Southern Highlands, Tanzania. SAGE Open, 3 (2). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244013491406
Bleakley, A., Hennessy, M., Fishbein, M., & Jordan, A. (2011). Using the Integrative Model to Explain How Exposure to Sexual Media Content Influences Adolescent Sexual Behavior. Health Education & Behavior, 38 (5), 530–540. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198110385775
CENSIDA. (2014a). Guía Nacional para la Prevención del VIH y el sida.
CENSIDA. (2014b). La epidemia del VIH y el sida en México. Crisis, 000 (2014), 1–6.
Chandran, T. M., Berkvens, D., Chikobvu, P., Nöstlinger, C., Colebunders, R., Williams, B. G., & Speybroeck, N. (2012). Predictors of condom use and refusal among the population of Free State province in South Africa. BMC Public Health, 12 (1), 381. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-381
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Coyle, K. K., Franks, H. M., Glassman, J. R., & Stanoff, N. M. (2012). Condom Use: Slippage, Breakage, and Steps for Proper Use Among Adolescents in Alternative School Settings. Journal of School Health, 82 (8), 345–352. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2012.00708.x
Devine-Wright, H., Abraham, C., Onya, H., Ramatsea, S., Themane, M., & Aarø, L. E. (2015). Correlates of condom use and condom-use motivation among young South Africans. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 45 (12), 674–683. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12328
Eggers, S. M., Aarø, L. E., Bos, A. E. R., Mathews, C., Kaaya, S. F., Onya, H., & de Vries, H. (2016). Sociocognitive Predictors of Condom Use and Intentions Among Adolescents in Three Sub-Saharan Sites. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 45 (2), 353–365. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-015-0525-1
Ensanut. (2012). Ensanut 2012. Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública.
Espada, J. P., Morales, A., Guillén-Riquelme, A., Ballester, R., Orgilés, M., Guillén, A., Ballester, R., & Orgilés, M. (2016). Predicting condom use in adolescents: A test of three socio-cognitive models using a structural equation modeling approach. BMC Public Health, 16 (1), 35. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-2702-0
Fernández Velasco, V. (2018). Influencia de internet en la educación sexual de los adolescentes y el papel de enfermería [Thesis, Universidad Complutense de Madrid]. https://eprints.ucm.es/id/eprint/51624/
Fishbein, M. (2000). The role of theory in HIV prevention. Aids Care-Psychological and Socio-Medical Aspects of Aids/Hiv, 12 (3), 273–278. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540120050042918
Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (2011). Predicting and changing behavior: The reasoned action approach. Taylor & Francis.
García, E., Méndez, E., Fernández, P., & Cuesta, M. (2012). Sexualidad, Anticoncepción y Conducta Sexual de Riesgo en Adolescentes Sexuality [Contraception and Unsafe Sexual Behavior in Adolescents]. International Journal of Psychological Research, 5, 79–87.
Geter, A., & Crosby, R. (2014). Condom refusal and young black men: The influence of pleasure, sexual partners, and friends. Journal of Urban Health, 91 (3), 541–546. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-014-9869-4
Glanz, K., Rimer, B. K., & Viswanath, K. (2008). Health and health.
Goldenberg, T., McDougal, S. J., Sullivan, P. S., Stekler, J. D., & Stephenson, R. (2015). Building a Mobile HIV Prevention App for Men Who Have Sex With Men: An Iterative and Community-Driven Process. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance, 1 (2). https://doi.org/10.2196/publichealth.4449
Grove, S., Burns, N., & Gray, J. (2013). The Practice of Nursing Research: Appraisal, Synthesis, And Generation of Evidence (7th ed.). Elsevier.
Hamaker, H. C. (1962). On multiple regression analysis. Statistica Neerlandica, 16 (2). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9574.1962.tb01184.x
Hernández-Torres, J. L., Benavides-Torres, R. A., González y González, V. M., & Onofre-Rodríguez, D. J. (2019). Estudio de caso Mobile Prototype for the Promotion of Condom Use in Mexican Youth: a Case Study Introducción. Revista Cubana de Informática Médica, 11 (2), 65–79.
Hernández-Torres, J. L., Benavidez-Torres, R. A., Onofre’- Rodríguez, D. J., & Jímenez-Vázquez, V. (2018). Valoración cualitativa de cuidado en jóvenes mexicanos con riesgo de VIH/Sida. Revista Científica de Enfermería, 15, 5–18. https://rua.ua.es/dspace/bitstream/10045/77502/1/RECIEN_15_02.pdf
James, H. M., Papoutsi, C., Wherton, J., Greenhalgh, T., & Shaw, S. E. (2021). Spread, Scale-up, and Sustainability of Video Consulting in Health Care: Systematic Review and Synthesis Guided by the NASSS Framework. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23 (1), e23775. https://doi.org/10.2196/23775
Metsch, L. R., Feaster, D. J., Gooden, L., Schackman, B. R., Matheson, T., Das, M., Golden, M. R., Huffaker, S., Haynes, L. F., Tross, S., Malotte, C. K., Douaihy, A., Korthuis, P. T., Duffus, W. A., Henn, S., Bolan, R., Philip, S. S., Castro, J. G., Castellon, P. C., & Colfax, G. N. (2013). Effect of risk-reduction counseling with rapid HIV testing on risk of acquiring sexually transmitted infections: the AWARE randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 310 (16), 1701–1710. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.280034
Muessig, K., Pike, E., Legrand, S., & Hightow, L. (2013). Mobile phone applications for the care and prevention of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases: A review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 15 (1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2301
ONUSIDA. (2015, July 7). UNFPA, OMS y ONUSIDA: Declaración sobre los preservativos y la prevención del VIH, otras infecciones de transmisión sexual y el embarazo no deseado. ONUSIDA. www.unaids.org/es/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2015/july/20150702_condoms_prevention
Oppong Asante, K., Osafo, J., & Doku, P. N. (2016). The Role of Condom Use Self-Efficacy on Intended and Actual Condom Use Among University Students in Ghana. Journal of Community Health, 41 (1), 97–104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-015-0073-6
Rhodes, F., Stein, J. A., Fishbein, M., Goldstein, R. B., & Rotheram-Borus, M. J. (2007). Using theory to understand how interventions work: Project RESPECT, condom use, and the integrative model. AIDS and Behavior, 11 (3), 393–407. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-007-9208-9
Rushing, S. C., & Gardner, W. (2016). Native Voices: Adapting a video-based sexual health intervention for american indian teens and young adults using the adapt-ITT model. American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research, 23 (1), 24–46. https://doi.org/10.5820/aian.2301.2016.24
Schnall, R., Bakken, S., Rojas, M., Travers, J., & Carballo, A. (2015). mHealth Technology as a Persuasive Tool for Treatment, Care and Management of Persons Living with HIV. AIDS and Behavior, 19 (2), 81–89. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-014-0984-8
Sidani, S., & Braden, C. (2011). Design, Evaluation and Translation of Nursing Interventions. John Wiley & Sons.
Song, Y. S., Calsyn, D. A., Doyle, S. R., Dierst-Davies, R., Chen, T., & Sorensen, J. L. (2009). Predictors of condom use among men enrolled in drug treatment programs. AIDS Education and Prevention: Official Publication of the International Society for AIDS Education, 21 (5), 460–473. https://doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2009.21.5.460
SSA. (1987). Ley General de Salud en Materia de Investigación para la Salud. Diario Oficial. http://www.salud.gob.mx/unidades/cdi/nom/compi/rlgsmis.html
UNAIDS. (2016). 2016 United Nations Political Declaration on Ending AIDS sets world on the Fast-Track to end the epidemic by 2030. UNAIDS. https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/pressreleaseandstatementarchive/2016/june/20160608_PS_HLM_PoliticalDeclaration
Unicef. (2017). Children and AIDS: Statistical Update. United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund. https://data.unicef.org/resources/children-aids-statistical-update/
Uribe Alvarado, J. I., Bahamón, M. J., Ruíz, L. R., Trejos Herrera, A. M., & Alarcón-Vásquez, Y. (2017). Percepción de autoeficacia, asertividad sexual y uso del condón en jóvenes colombianos. Acta Colombiana de Psicología, 20 (1), 203–211. https://doi.org/10.14718/ACP.2017.20.1.10
Valdez-Montero, C. (2018). Validation of instrument: use of online sexual material in young university students. In Validation of instruments for the investigation of sexuality in vulnerable groups (pp. 47–75). Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All.
WHO. (2011). mHealth: New Horizons for Health through Mobile Technologies.World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/44607
WHO. (2022). HIV/ AIDS. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/health-topics/hiv-aids#tab=tab_1
Yzer, M. C. (2012). The Integrative Model of Behavioral Prediction as a Tool for Designing Health Messages. In Health Communication Message Design: Theory and Practice (pp. 21–40). http://www.sagepub.com/upm-data/43568_2.pdf
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