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Mashuri, A., & Zaduqisti, E. (2015). The effect of intergroup threat and social identity salience on the belief in conspiracy theories over terrorism in indonesia: collective angst as a mediator. International Journal of Psychological Research, 8(1), 24–35. https://doi.org/10.21500/20112084.642
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The editorial board reserves the right of amendments deemed necessary in the application of the rules of publication.
To give up copyright, the authors allow that, International Journal of Psychological Research, distribute the work more broadly, check for the reuse by others and take care of the necessary procedures for the registration and administration of copyright; at the same time, our editorial board represents the interests of the author and allows authors to re-use his work in various forms. In response to the above, authors transfer copyright to the journal, International Journal of Psychological Research. This transfer does not imply other rights which are not those of authorship (for example those that concern about patents). Likewise, preserves the authors rights to use the work integral or partially in lectures, books and courses, as well as make copies for educational purposes. Finally, the authors may use freely the tables and figures in its future work, wherever make explicit reference to the previous publication in International Journal of Psychological Research. The assignment of copyright includes both virtual rights and forms of the article to allow the editorial to disseminate the work in the manner which it deems appropriate.
The editorial board reserves the right of amendments deemed necessary in the application of the rules of publication.
Abstract
The present study tested how intergroup threat (high versus low) and social identity as a Muslim (salient versus non-salient) affected belief in conspiracy theories. Data among Indonesian Muslim students (N = 139) from this study demonstrated that intergroup threat and social identity salience interacted to influence belief in conspiracy theories. High intergroup threat triggered greater belief in conspiracy theories than low intergroup threat, more prominently in the condition in which participants’ Muslim identity was made salient. Collective angst also proved to mediate the effect of intergroup threat on the belief. However, in line with the prediction, evidence of this mediation effect of collective angst was only on the salient social identity condition. Discussions on these research findings build on both theoretical and practical implications.
Keywords:
References
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Imhoff, R., & Bruder, M. (2014). Speaking (un‐) truth to power: Conspiracy mentality as a generalised political attitude. European Journal of Personality, 28(1), 25-43.
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R E S E A R C H
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH A qualitative study on passion
Halonen and Lomas (2014 )
int.j.psychol.res. 8 (1) PP. 17 - 28
Group identification as a response to perceived discrimination from the mainstream. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 1204-1213.
Jetten, J., & Wohl, M. J. (2012). The past as a determinant of the present: Historical continuity, collective angst, and opposition to immigration. European Journal of Social Psychology, 42(4), 442-450.
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Kay, A. C., Whitson, J. A., Gaucher, D., & Galinsky, A. D. (2009). Compensatory control achieving order through the mind, our institutions, and the heavens. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18(5), 264-268.
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Kofta, M., & Sedek, G. (2005). Conspiracy stereotypes of Jews during systemic transformation in Poland. International Journal of Sociology, 35(1), 40−64.
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Kramer, R. M. (1994). The sinister attribution error: Paranoid cognition and collective distrust in organizations. Motivation and Emotion, 18(2), 199–230.
Mashuri, A., & Zaduqisti, E. (2014). The role of social identification, intergroup threat, and out-group derogation in explaining belief in conspiracy theory about terrorism in Indonesia. International Journal of Research Studies in Psychology, 3, 35−50.
Mackie, D. M., Devos, T., & Smith, E. R. (2000). Intergroup emotions: Explaining offensive action tendencies in an intergroup context. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(4), 602−616.
McCoy, S. K., & Major, B. (2003). Group identification moderates emotional responses to perceived prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(8), 1005–1017.
Modood, T., & Ahmad, F. (2007). British Muslim perspectives on multiculturalism. Theory, Culture and Society, 24, 2, 187–213.
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Mullen, B., Brown, R., & Smith, C. (1992). Ingroup bias as a function of salience, relevance, and status: An integration. European Journal of Social Psychology, 22(2), 103–122.
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R E S E A R C H
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH A qualitative study on passion
Halonen and Lomas (2014 )
int.j.psychol.res. 8 (1) PP. 17 - 28
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Branscombe, N. R., & Wann, D. L. (1992). Physiological arousal and reactions to out-group members during competitions that implicate an important social identity. Aggressive Behavior, 18(2), 85–93.
Castells, M. (2011). The power of identity: The information age: Economy, society, and culture. Chichester, United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons.
Corneille, O., Yzerbyt, V. Y., Rogier, A., & Buidin, G. (2001). Threat and the group attribution error: When threat elicits judgments of extremity and homogeneity. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(4), 437–446.
Cottrell, C. A., & Neuberg, S. L. (2005). Different emotional reactions to different groups: A sociofunctional threat-based approach to prejudice. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 88(5), 770–789.
Daniels, T. P. (2007). Liberals, moderates and jihadists: Protesting Danish cartoons in Indonesia. Contemporary Islam, 1(3), 231-246.
Donskis, L. (1998). The conspiracy theory, demonization of the other. Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research, 11(3), 349-360.
Ellemers, N., Spears, R., & Doosje, B. (Eds.) (1999). Social identity: Context, commitment, content. Oxford: Blackwell.
Esposito, J. L. (2000). Political Islam and the West. Joint Force Quarterly, Spring, 24−49.
Fair, C.C, & Shepherd, B. (2006). Who supports terrorism? Evidence from fourteen Muslim countries. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 29(1), 51–74.
Farh, J. L., Hackett, R. D., & Liang, J. (2007). Individual-level cultural values as moderators of perceived organizational support–employee outcome relationships in China: Comparing the effects of power distance and traditionality. Academy of Management Journal, 50(3), 715−729.
Goertzel, T. (1994). Belief in conspiracy theories. Political Psychology, 15, 731–742.
Halperin, E., Porat, R., & Wohl, M. J. (2013). Extinction threat and reciprocal threat reduction: Collective angst predicts willingness to compromise in intractable intergroup conflicts. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 16(6), 797−813.
Haslam, S. A., Oakes, P. J., Reynolds, K. J., & Turner, J. C. (1999). Social identity salience and the emergence of stereotype consensus. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25(7), 809–818.
Hayes, A. F., & Matthes, J. (2009). Computational procedures for probing interactions in OLS and logistic regression: SPSS and SAS implementations. Behavior Research Methods, 41(3), 924–936.
Hofstadter, R. (1966). The paranoid style in American politics. In R. Hofstadter (Ed.), The paranoid style in American politics and other essays (pp. 3–40). New York, NY: Knopf.
Hofstede, G. (2007). Asian management in the 21st century. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 24(4), 411−420.
Hussain, A. J. (2007). The media's role in a clash of misconceptions: The case of the Danish Muhammad cartoons. The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 12(4), 112-130.
Issues, 69, 54–73.
Imhoff, R., & Bruder, M. (2014). Speaking (un‐) truth to power: Conspiracy mentality as a generalised political attitude. European Journal of Personality, 28(1), 25-43.
Jetten, J., Branscombe, N.R., Schmitt, M.T., & Spears, R. (2001). Rebels with a cause:
R E S E A R C H
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH A qualitative study on passion
Halonen and Lomas (2014 )
int.j.psychol.res. 8 (1) PP. 17 - 28
Group identification as a response to perceived discrimination from the mainstream. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 1204-1213.
Jetten, J., & Wohl, M. J. (2012). The past as a determinant of the present: Historical continuity, collective angst, and opposition to immigration. European Journal of Social Psychology, 42(4), 442-450.
Jones, S. (2002, October 27). Who are the terrorists in Indonesia? Conspiracy theories over the Bali bombing are rife in Indonesia. The Observer. Retrieved from http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/asia/south-east-asia/indonesia/op-eds/jones-who-are-the-terrorists-in-indonesia-conspiracy-theory-over-the-bali-bombing-are-rife-in-indonesia.aspx
Jones, S. R., & McEwen, M. K. (2000). A conceptual model of multiple dimensions of identity. Journal of College Student Development, 41(4), 405-414.
Kay, A. C., Whitson, J. A., Gaucher, D., & Galinsky, A. D. (2009). Compensatory control achieving order through the mind, our institutions, and the heavens. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18(5), 264-268.
Khisbiyah, Y. (2009). Contested discourses on violence, social justice, and peacebuilding among Indonesian Muslims. In C. J. Montiel & N. M. Noor (Eds.), Peace psychology in Asia (pp. 123–145). New York: Springer.
Kofta, M. (1995). Stereotype of a group as-a-whole: The role of diabolic causation schema. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 26(2), 83−96.
Kofta, M., & Sedek, G. (2005). Conspiracy stereotypes of Jews during systemic transformation in Poland. International Journal of Sociology, 35(1), 40−64.
Kofta, M., Sedek, G., & Slawuta, P. N. (2011.). Beliefs in Jewish conspiracy: The role of situation threats to ingroup’ power and positive image. Paper presented at the 34th International Society of Political Psychology (ISSP) conference, Istanbul, Turkey.
Kramer, R. M. (1994). The sinister attribution error: Paranoid cognition and collective distrust in organizations. Motivation and Emotion, 18(2), 199–230.
Mashuri, A., & Zaduqisti, E. (2014). The role of social identification, intergroup threat, and out-group derogation in explaining belief in conspiracy theory about terrorism in Indonesia. International Journal of Research Studies in Psychology, 3, 35−50.
Mackie, D. M., Devos, T., & Smith, E. R. (2000). Intergroup emotions: Explaining offensive action tendencies in an intergroup context. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(4), 602−616.
McCoy, S. K., & Major, B. (2003). Group identification moderates emotional responses to perceived prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(8), 1005–1017.
Modood, T., & Ahmad, F. (2007). British Muslim perspectives on multiculturalism. Theory, Culture and Society, 24, 2, 187–213.
Moghaddam, F. M. (2008). How globalization spurs terrorism: The lopsided benefits of one world and why that fuels violence. Westport: Praeger Security International.
Moten, A. R. (2005). Modernisation and the process of globalisation. In K. Nathan & M. H. Kamali (Eds.), Islam in Southeast Asia: Political, social, and strategic challenges for the 21st century (pp. 231−252). Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Mullen, B., Brown, R., & Smith, C. (1992). Ingroup bias as a function of salience, relevance, and status: An integration. European Journal of Social Psychology, 22(2), 103–122.
Newheiser, A.-K., Farias, M., & Tausch, N. (2011). The functional nature of conspiracy beliefs: Examining the underpinnings of belief in the Da Vinci Code conspiracy. Personality and Individual Differences, 51(8), 1007–1011.
Peek, L. (2005). Becoming Muslim: The development of a religious identity. Sociology of Religion, 66(3), 215–242.
Pipes, D. (1997). Conspiracy: How the paranoid style flourishes and where it comes from. New York: Simon & Schusters.
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 879–891.
Putra, I. E., & Sukabdi, S. A. (2013). Basic concepts and reasons behind the emergence of religious terror activities in Indonesia. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 16(2), 83−91.
Riek, B. M., Mania, E. W., & Gaertner, S. L. (2006). Intergroup threat and out-group attitudes: A meta-analytic review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(4), 336–353.
Robins, R. S., & Post, J. M. (1997). Political paranoia: The psychopolitics of hatred. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Robison, K. K., Crenshaw, E. M. & Jenkins, J. C. (2006). Ideologies of violence: The social
R E S E A R C H
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH A qualitative study on passion
Halonen and Lomas (2014 )
int.j.psychol.res. 8 (1) PP. 17 - 28
origins of Islamist and leftist transnational terrorism. Social Forces, 84(4), 2009–2026.
Rothschild, Z. K., Landau, M. J., Sullivan, D., & Keefer, L. A. (2012). A dual-motive model of scapegoating: displacing blame to reduce guilt or increase control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102(6), 1148−1163.
Sapountzis, A., & Condor, S. (2013). Conspiracy accounts as intergroup theories: Challenging dominant understandings of social power and political legitimacy. Political Psychology, 34(5), 731–752.
Sentana, M., & Hariyanto, J. (2013, January 5). Indonesia police kill five alleged terrorists. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved from http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323374504578223290283017294.html
Sharp, D. (18). Advances in conspiracy theory. The Lancet, 372(9647), 1371–1372.
Singh, B. (2007). The Talibanization of Southeast Asia: Losing the war on terror to islamist extremists. Greenwood Publishing Group.
Solahudin. (2013). The roots of Terrorism in Indonesia: From Darul Islam to Jem’ah Islamiyah. (D. McRae, Trans.). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Stephan, W. G., Diaz-Loving, R., & Duran, A. (2000). Integrated threat theory and intercultural attitudes Mexico and the United States. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 31(2), 240–249.
Stephan, W. G., & Stephan, C. W. (1996). Predicting prejudice. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 20, 409–425.
Stephan, W. G., & Stephan, C. W. (2000). An integrated threat theory of prejudice. In S. Oskamp (Ed.), Reducing prejudice and discrimination (pp. 23–46). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Suciu, E. M. (2008). Signs of anti-semitism in Indonesia. Degree thesis, Department of Asian Studies, The University of Sydney, Sydney.
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