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Angarita Cáceres, R. G. (2022). Diferencias de género en estudios experimentales de distribución de recursos con participación de niños. El Ágora USB, 22(1), 486–508. https://doi.org/10.21500/16578031.4738
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Resumen
El artículo se encarga de mostrar que los trabajos experimentales que tienen por objeto examinar principios de justicia distributiva en niños pueden ser leídos desde su relación con la variable demográfica género. Al efectuar esta lectura crítica desde una revisión temática se hace posible observar que los estudios, en términos generales, muestran hallazgos en tres direcciones: inexistencia de diferencias de género; diferencias no significativas y diferencias significativas. Estos resultados, sin embargo, se hallan directamente relacionados tanto con las edades de los participantes como con especificidades metodológicas de la experimentación. Con el objeto de dar cuenta de estos aspectos, el texto se ha dividido en tres partes: estudios de primera persona, trabajos de tercera persona y comparaciones culturales.
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Referencias
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Andreoni, J. & Vesterlund, L. (2001). Which Is the Fair Sex? Gender Differences in Altruism. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 116(1): 293–312.
Baumard, N., Mascaro, O., & Chevallier, C. (2012). Preschoolers are able to take merit into account when distributing goods. Developmental Psychology, 48(2), 492-498.http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0026598.
Benjamin, D.J., Berger, J.O., Johannesson, M. et al. (2018). Redefine statistical significance. Nat Hum Behav 2, 6–10. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-017-0189-z.
Callaghan, T., & Corbit, J. (2018). Early prosocial development across cultures. Current Opinion in Psychology, 20, 102–106. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.07.039.
Caleo, S. (2018). When distributive justice and gender stereotypes coincide: Reactions to equity and equality violations. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 48(5), 257–268. doi:10.1111/jasp.12510.
Charness, G. & Rabin, M. (2002). Understanding social preferences with simple tests.Quarterly Journal of Economics 117, 817–869.
Chernyak, N., Sandham, B., Harris, P. L., & Cordes, S. (2016). Numerical cognition explains age-related changes in third-party fairness. Developmental Psychology, 52(10), 1555-1562. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/dev0000196.
Chevallier, C., Xu, J., Adachi, K., van der Henst, J-B., Baumard. N. (2015). Preschoolers’ Understanding of Merit in Two Asian Societies. PLOS ONE 10(5): e0114717. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0114717.
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Fehr, E., Bernhard, H., & Rockenbach, B. (2008). Egalitarianism in young children. Nature, 454(7208), 1079–1083. doi:10.1038/nature07155.
Fehr, E., Glätzle-Rützler, D. & Sutter, M. (2013). The development of egalitarianism, altruism, spite and parochialism in childhood and adolescence. Eur. Econ. Rev. 64, 369–383.
Gheaus, A. (2016). “Gender and Distributive Justice”, en: Olsaretti, S. (ed.) Oxford Handbook of Distributive Justice. Oxford University Press.
Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice. Cambridge, Harvard, University Press.
Gruen, R. L., Esfand, S. M., & Kibbe, M. M. (2019). Altruistic self-regulation in young children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 104700. doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2019.104700.
Harbaugh, W., & Krause, K. (2000). Children’s altruism in public good and dictator experiments. Economic Inquiry, 38(1), 95–109. doi:10.1111/j.1465-7295.2000.tb00006.x.
Henrich, J., Ensminger, J., McElreath, R., Barr, A., Barrett, C., Bolyanatz, A., Cardenas, J., Gurven, M., Gwako, E., Henrich, N., Lesorogol, C., Marlowe, F., Tracer, D. and Ziker, J. (2010). Markets, religion, community size, and the evolution of fairness and punishment. Science 327, 1480-1484.
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Holst, C. (2019). Global Gender Justice: Distributive Justice or Participatory Parity? SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3355607.
House, B. R., Silk, J. B., Henrich, J., Barrett, H. C., Scelza, B. A., Boyette, A. H., Hewlettd, B., McElreath, R., Laurence, S. (2013a). Ontogeny of prosocial behavior across diverse societies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(36), 14586–14591.doi:10.1073/pnas.1221217110.
House, B. R., Henrich, J., Brosnan, S. F., & Silk, J. B. (2012). The ontogeny of human prosociality: behavioral experiments with children aged 3 to 8. Evolution and Human Behavior, 33(4), 291–308. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2011.10.007.
House, B., Henrich, J., Sarnecka, B., & Silk, J. B. (2013b). The development of contingent reciprocity in children. Evolution and Human Behavior, 34(2), 86–93. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2012.10.001.
Jennings, A. B. (2019). I’ll share with her, but not with you: A mixed methods approach to investigating children’s naïve theories about resource allocation decisions. International Review of Economics Education, 100162. doi:10.1016/j.iree.2019.100162.
Kidd, C., Palmeri, H., & Aslin, R. N. (2013). Rational snacking: Young children’s decision-making on the marshmallow task is moderated by beliefs about environmental reliability. Cognition, 126(1), 109–114. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2012.08.004.
Kienbaum, J., & Wilkening, F. (2009). Children’s and adolescents’ intuitive judgements about distributive justice: Integrating need, effort, and luck. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 6(4), 481–498.doi:10.1080/17405620701497299.
Killen, M., Lee-Kim, J., McGlothlin, H., & Stangor, C. (2002). How children and adolescents evaluate gender and racial exclusion. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 67(4, Serial No. 271).
Knutsson, M., Martinsson, P., Persson, E., & Wollbrant, C. (2019). Gender differences in altruism: Evidence from a natural field experiment on matched donations. Economics Letters, 176, 47–50. doi:10.1016/j.econlet.2018.12.029.
Li, Y., Li, H., Decety, J., & Lee, K. (2013). Experiencing a natural disaster alters children’s altruistic giving. Psychological Science, 24 (9), 1686–1695. doi:10.1177/09567976 13479975.
Liénard, P., Baumard, N., Mascaro, O., Kiura, P., & Chevallier, C. (2013). Early Understanding of Merit in Turkana Children. Journal of Cognition and Culture, 13(1-2), 57–66. doi:10.1163/15685373-12342084.
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Martinsson, P., Nordblom, K., Rützler, D., & Sutter, M. (2011). Social preferences during childhood and the role of gender and age — An experiment in Austria and Sweden. Economics Letters, 110(3), 248–251. doi:10.1016/j.econlet.2010.11.028.
McAuliffe, K., Blake, P. R., Kim, G., Wrangham, R. W., & Warneken, F. (2013). Social Influences on Inequity Aversion in Children. PLoS ONE, 8(12), e80966. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080966.
McGillicuddy-De Lisi, A. V., Daly, M., & Neal, A. (2006). Children’s distributive Justice judgments: Aversive racism in Euro-American children? Child Development, 77, 1063 – 1080. doi: 10.1111 / j.1467-8624.2006.00919.x
McGillicuddy-De Lisi, A. V., Watkins, C., & Vinchur, A. J. (1994). The effect of relationship on children’s distributive justice reasoning. Child Development, 65, 1694 – 1700. doi:10.2307/1131288.
McGlothlin, H., Killen, M., & Edmonds, C. (2005). European-American children’s intergroup attitudes about peer relationships. British Journal of Developmental Psychology,23, 227 – 249.
Meuwese, R., Crone, E. A., de Rooij, M., & Güroğlu, B. (2014). Development of Equity Preferences in Boys and Girls Across Adolescence. Child Development, 86(1), 145–158. doi:10.1111/cdev.12290.
Michalska, K.J., Kinzler, K.D., & Decety, J. (2013). Age-related sex differences in explicit measures of empathy do not predict brain responses. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 3, 22–32.
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Mischel, W., & Metzner, R. (1962). Preference for delayed reward as a function of age, intelligence, and length of delay interval. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 64(6), 425–431. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0045046.
Noh, J. Y. (2019). Children’s Developing Understanding of Merit in a Distributive Justice Context. Journal of Child and family studies. Doi: 10.1007/s10826-019-01606-2.
Noh, J. Y., D’Esterre, A., & Killen, M. (2019). Effort or outcome? Children’s meritorious decisions. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 178, 1–14. doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2018.09.005.
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Robbins, E., Starr, S., & Rochat, P. (2015). Fairness and Distributive Justice by 3- to 5-Year-Old Tibetan Children. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 47(3), 333–340. doi:10.1177/0022022115620487.
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Amrhein, V., Greenland, S., & McShane, B. (2019). Scientists rise up against statistical significance. Nature, 567(7748), 305–307. doi:10.1038/d41586-019-00857-9.
Andreoni, J. & Miller, J. (1998). Giving According to GARP: An Experimental Study of Rationality and Altruism. Social Systems Research Institute Working Paper 9902, University of Wisconsin.
Andreoni, J. & Vesterlund, L. (2001). Which Is the Fair Sex? Gender Differences in Altruism. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 116(1): 293–312.
Baumard, N., Mascaro, O., & Chevallier, C. (2012). Preschoolers are able to take merit into account when distributing goods. Developmental Psychology, 48(2), 492-498.http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0026598.
Benjamin, D.J., Berger, J.O., Johannesson, M. et al. (2018). Redefine statistical significance. Nat Hum Behav 2, 6–10. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-017-0189-z.
Callaghan, T., & Corbit, J. (2018). Early prosocial development across cultures. Current Opinion in Psychology, 20, 102–106. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.07.039.
Caleo, S. (2018). When distributive justice and gender stereotypes coincide: Reactions to equity and equality violations. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 48(5), 257–268. doi:10.1111/jasp.12510.
Charness, G. & Rabin, M. (2002). Understanding social preferences with simple tests.Quarterly Journal of Economics 117, 817–869.
Chernyak, N., Sandham, B., Harris, P. L., & Cordes, S. (2016). Numerical cognition explains age-related changes in third-party fairness. Developmental Psychology, 52(10), 1555-1562. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/dev0000196.
Chevallier, C., Xu, J., Adachi, K., van der Henst, J-B., Baumard. N. (2015). Preschoolers’ Understanding of Merit in Two Asian Societies. PLOS ONE 10(5): e0114717. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0114717.
Choi, J. K. & Bowles, S. (2007) The coevolution of parochial altruism and war. Science 318, 636–640.
Christensen, J. F., Flexas, A., Calabrese, M., Gut, N. K., & Gomila, A. (2014). Moral judgment reloaded: a moral dilemma validation study. Frontiers in Psychology, 5: 607.doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00607.
Cowell, J. M., Lee, K., Malcolm-Smith, S., Selcuk, B., Zhou, X., & Decety, J. (2016). The development of generosity and moral cognition across five cultures. Developmental Science, 20(4), e12403. doi:10.1111/desc.12403.
Cowell, J.M., & Decety, J. (2015). The neuroscience of implicit moral evaluation and its relation to generosity in early childhood. Current Biology, 25, 1–5.
Debove, S., Baumard, N., & André, J.-B. (2017). On the evolutionary origins of equity. PLOS ONE, 12(3), e0173636. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0173636.
Decety, J., Michalska, K.J., & Kinzler, K.D. (2012). The contribution of emotion and cognition to moral sensitivity: a neurodevelopmental study. Cerebral Cortex, 22, 209–220.
Dickinson, D. and Tiefenthaler, J. (2002). What Is Fair? Experimental Evidence. Southern Economic Journal, 69(2): 414–28.
Dufwenberg, M., and Muren, A. (2006). Gender Composition in Teams. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 61(1): 50–54.
Eagly, A. H., & Crowley, M. (1986). Gender and Helping Behavior. A Meta-Analytic Review of the Social Psychological Literature. Psychological Bulletin, 100(3), 283-308. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.100.3.283.
Eckel, C. C., & Grossman, P. J. (1998). Are women less selfish than men? Evidence from dictator experiments. Economic Journal, 108, 726 – 735.
Eckel, C. C., & Grossman, P. J. (2001). Chivalry and solidarity in ultimatum games. Economic Inquiry, 39, 171 – 188.
Elenbaas, L., & Killen, M. (2016). How do young children expect others to address resource inequalities between groups? Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 150, 72–86. doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2016.05.002
Engelmann, J. M., & Tomasello, M. (2019). Children’s Sense of Fairness as Equal Respect. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2019.03.001.
Fehr, E., Bernhard, H., & Rockenbach, B. (2008). Egalitarianism in young children. Nature, 454(7208), 1079–1083. doi:10.1038/nature07155.
Fehr, E., Glätzle-Rützler, D. & Sutter, M. (2013). The development of egalitarianism, altruism, spite and parochialism in childhood and adolescence. Eur. Econ. Rev. 64, 369–383.
Gheaus, A. (2016). “Gender and Distributive Justice”, en: Olsaretti, S. (ed.) Oxford Handbook of Distributive Justice. Oxford University Press.
Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice. Cambridge, Harvard, University Press.
Gruen, R. L., Esfand, S. M., & Kibbe, M. M. (2019). Altruistic self-regulation in young children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 104700. doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2019.104700.
Harbaugh, W., & Krause, K. (2000). Children’s altruism in public good and dictator experiments. Economic Inquiry, 38(1), 95–109. doi:10.1111/j.1465-7295.2000.tb00006.x.
Henrich, J., Ensminger, J., McElreath, R., Barr, A., Barrett, C., Bolyanatz, A., Cardenas, J., Gurven, M., Gwako, E., Henrich, N., Lesorogol, C., Marlowe, F., Tracer, D. and Ziker, J. (2010). Markets, religion, community size, and the evolution of fairness and punishment. Science 327, 1480-1484.
Hill, K., & Gurven, M. (2004). Economic experiments to examine fairness and cooperation among the Ache Indians of Paraguay. In J. Henrich, R. Boyd, S. Bowles, C. Camerer, H. Gintis, & E. Fehr (Eds.), Foundations in human sociality: Experiments and ethnography in 15 small-scale societies (pp. 382 – 412). Oxford7 Oxford University Press.
Holst, C. (2019). Global Gender Justice: Distributive Justice or Participatory Parity? SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3355607.
House, B. R., Silk, J. B., Henrich, J., Barrett, H. C., Scelza, B. A., Boyette, A. H., Hewlettd, B., McElreath, R., Laurence, S. (2013a). Ontogeny of prosocial behavior across diverse societies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(36), 14586–14591.doi:10.1073/pnas.1221217110.
House, B. R., Henrich, J., Brosnan, S. F., & Silk, J. B. (2012). The ontogeny of human prosociality: behavioral experiments with children aged 3 to 8. Evolution and Human Behavior, 33(4), 291–308. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2011.10.007.
House, B., Henrich, J., Sarnecka, B., & Silk, J. B. (2013b). The development of contingent reciprocity in children. Evolution and Human Behavior, 34(2), 86–93. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2012.10.001.
Jennings, A. B. (2019). I’ll share with her, but not with you: A mixed methods approach to investigating children’s naïve theories about resource allocation decisions. International Review of Economics Education, 100162. doi:10.1016/j.iree.2019.100162.
Kidd, C., Palmeri, H., & Aslin, R. N. (2013). Rational snacking: Young children’s decision-making on the marshmallow task is moderated by beliefs about environmental reliability. Cognition, 126(1), 109–114. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2012.08.004.
Kienbaum, J., & Wilkening, F. (2009). Children’s and adolescents’ intuitive judgements about distributive justice: Integrating need, effort, and luck. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 6(4), 481–498.doi:10.1080/17405620701497299.
Killen, M., Lee-Kim, J., McGlothlin, H., & Stangor, C. (2002). How children and adolescents evaluate gender and racial exclusion. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 67(4, Serial No. 271).
Knutsson, M., Martinsson, P., Persson, E., & Wollbrant, C. (2019). Gender differences in altruism: Evidence from a natural field experiment on matched donations. Economics Letters, 176, 47–50. doi:10.1016/j.econlet.2018.12.029.
Li, Y., Li, H., Decety, J., & Lee, K. (2013). Experiencing a natural disaster alters children’s altruistic giving. Psychological Science, 24 (9), 1686–1695. doi:10.1177/09567976 13479975.
Liénard, P., Baumard, N., Mascaro, O., Kiura, P., & Chevallier, C. (2013). Early Understanding of Merit in Turkana Children. Journal of Cognition and Culture, 13(1-2), 57–66. doi:10.1163/15685373-12342084.
Maccoby, E. E. (1990). Gender and relationships: A developmental account. American Psychologist, 45(4), 513–520. doi:10.1037/0003-066x.45.4.513.
Martinsson, P., Nordblom, K., Rützler, D., & Sutter, M. (2011). Social preferences during childhood and the role of gender and age — An experiment in Austria and Sweden. Economics Letters, 110(3), 248–251. doi:10.1016/j.econlet.2010.11.028.
McAuliffe, K., Blake, P. R., Kim, G., Wrangham, R. W., & Warneken, F. (2013). Social Influences on Inequity Aversion in Children. PLoS ONE, 8(12), e80966. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080966.
McGillicuddy-De Lisi, A. V., Daly, M., & Neal, A. (2006). Children’s distributive Justice judgments: Aversive racism in Euro-American children? Child Development, 77, 1063 – 1080. doi: 10.1111 / j.1467-8624.2006.00919.x
McGillicuddy-De Lisi, A. V., Watkins, C., & Vinchur, A. J. (1994). The effect of relationship on children’s distributive justice reasoning. Child Development, 65, 1694 – 1700. doi:10.2307/1131288.
McGlothlin, H., Killen, M., & Edmonds, C. (2005). European-American children’s intergroup attitudes about peer relationships. British Journal of Developmental Psychology,23, 227 – 249.
Meuwese, R., Crone, E. A., de Rooij, M., & Güroğlu, B. (2014). Development of Equity Preferences in Boys and Girls Across Adolescence. Child Development, 86(1), 145–158. doi:10.1111/cdev.12290.
Michalska, K.J., Kinzler, K.D., & Decety, J. (2013). Age-related sex differences in explicit measures of empathy do not predict brain responses. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 3, 22–32.
Mischel, W. (1974). “Processes in delay of gratification”. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, Vol. 7 (pp. 249-292). New York: Academic Press.
Mischel, W., & Metzner, R. (1962). Preference for delayed reward as a function of age, intelligence, and length of delay interval. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 64(6), 425–431. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0045046.
Noh, J. Y. (2019). Children’s Developing Understanding of Merit in a Distributive Justice Context. Journal of Child and family studies. Doi: 10.1007/s10826-019-01606-2.
Noh, J. Y., D’Esterre, A., & Killen, M. (2019). Effort or outcome? Children’s meritorious decisions. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 178, 1–14. doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2018.09.005.
Paulus, M., & Moore, C. (2014). The development of recipient-dependent sharing behavior and expectations about other people’s sharing in preschool children. Developmental Psychology, 50, 914–921. doi:10.1037/a0034169
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