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Introzzi, I., Canet-Juric, L., Montes, S., López, S., & Mascarello, G. (2015). Inhibitory processes and cognitive flexibility: evidence for the theory of attentional inertia. International Journal of Psychological Research, 8(2), 61–75. https://doi.org/10.21500/20112084.1510
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The editorial board reserves the right of amendments deemed necessary in the application of the rules of publication.
To give up copyright, the authors allow that, International Journal of Psychological Research, distribute the work more broadly, check for the reuse by others and take care of the necessary procedures for the registration and administration of copyright; at the same time, our editorial board represents the interests of the author and allows authors to re-use his work in various forms. In response to the above, authors transfer copyright to the journal, International Journal of Psychological Research. This transfer does not imply other rights which are not those of authorship (for example those that concern about patents). Likewise, preserves the authors rights to use the work integral or partially in lectures, books and courses, as well as make copies for educational purposes. Finally, the authors may use freely the tables and figures in its future work, wherever make explicit reference to the previous publication in International Journal of Psychological Research. The assignment of copyright includes both virtual rights and forms of the article to allow the editorial to disseminate the work in the manner which it deems appropriate.
The editorial board reserves the right of amendments deemed necessary in the application of the rules of publication.
Abstract
The aim of this study was to discriminate the differential contribution of different inhibitory processes -perceptual, cognitive and behavioral inhibition- to switching cost effect associated with alternation cognitive tasks. A correlational design was used. Several experimental paradigms (e.g., Stop signal, visual search, Stemberg´s experimental and Simon paradigm) were adapted and included in a computerized program called TAC (Introzzi & Canet Juric, 2014) to the assessment of the different cognitive processes. The final sample consisted of 45 adults (18-50 years). Perceptual and behavioral inhibition shows moderate and low correlations with attentional cost, cognitive inhibition shows no relation with flexibility and only perceptual inhibition predicts switching costs effects, suggesting that different inhibitory processes contribute differentially to switch cost. This could be interpreted as evidence to Attentional Inertia Theory main argument which postulates that inhibition plays an essential role in the ability to flexibly switch between tasks and/or representations.
References
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Allport, A., & Wylie, G. (2000). Task switching, stimulus-response bindings, and negative priming. In S. Monsell & J. Driver (Eds.), Control of cognitive processes: Attention and performance XVIII (pp. 35–70). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Anderson, M. C., & Bjork, R. A. (1994). Mechanisms of inhibition in long-term memory: A new taxonomy. In D. Dagenbach & T. Carr (Eds.), Inhibitory processes in attention, memory, and language (pp. 265-325). New York: Academic Press.
Altmann, E. M., & Gray, W. D. (2008). An integrated model of cognitive control in task switching. Psychological Review, 115(3), 602-639.
Arbuthnott, K. D. (2005). The effect of repeated imagery on memory. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 19(7), 843-866.
Band, G. P. H., van der Molen, M., & Logan, G. (2003). Horse-race model simulations of the stop-signal procedure, Acta Psychologica. 112, 105-142.
Darowski, E. S., Helder, E., Zacks, R. T., Hasher, L., & Hambrick, D. Z. (2008). Age-Related Differences in Cognition: The Role of Distraction Control. Neuropsychology, 22(5), 638-644.
Davidson, M. C., Amso, D., Anderson, L. C., & Diamond, A. (2006). Development of cognitive control and executive functions from 4 to 13 years: Evidence from manipulations of memory, inhibition, and task switching. Neuropsychologia, 44, 2037-2078.
R E S E A R C H
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH Procesos Inhibitorios y Flexibilidad Cognitiva
Introzzi et al. (2015) Int.j.psychol.res. 8 (2) PP. 60 - 74
73
Diamond, A. (2013) Executive Functions. Annual Review of Psychology. 64, 135-168.
Eriksen, B. A., & Eriksen, C. W. (1974). Effects of noise letters upon the identification of a target letter in a nonsearch task. Perception & Psychophysics, 16, 143-149.
Friedman, N. P., & Miyake, A. (2004). The relations among inhibition and interference control functions: A latent-variable analysis. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 133, 101-135.
Gandolfi, E., Viterbori, P., Traverso, L., & Usai, M. C. (2014). Inhibitory processes in toddlers: a latent-variable approach. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1–11.
Goschke, T. (2000). Decomposing the central executive: Persistence, deactivation, and reconfiguration of voluntary task set. In S. Monsell and J. Driver (Eds.), Control of cognitive processes: Attention and performance XVIII (pp. 331-356). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Introzzi, I. & Canet Juric, L. (2014). Evaluación de las Funciones Ejecutivas. XVIII Congreso Nacional de Psicodiagnóstico. Asociación Argentina de Estudio e Investigación en Psicodiagnóstico ADEIP. Mar del Plata, Argentina. Disponible en www.adeip.org.ar/Congreso2014
Jersild, A.T. (1927). Mental set and shift. Archives of Psychology, 89, 5-82.
Joormann, J., & Gotlib, I.H. (2008). Updating the contents of working memory in depression: Interference from irrelevant negative material. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117, 206-213.
Kirkham, N. Z., Cruess, L., & Diamond, A. (2003). Helping children apply their knowledge to their behavior on a dimension-switching task. Developmental Science, 6, 449-467.
Kirkham, N. Z., & Diamond, A. (2003). Sorting between theories of perseveration: Performance in conflict tasks requires memory, attention, and inhibition. Developmental Science, 6, 474-476.
Koch, I., Gade, M., Schuch, S., & Philipp, A. (2010). The role of inhibition in task switching: A review. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 17(1), 1-14.
Logan, G. D., Schachar, R. J., & Tannock, R. (1997). Impulsivity and inhibitory control. Psychological Science, 8, 60-64.
Mayr, U., & Keele, S. W. (2000). Changing internal constraints on action: The role of backward inhibition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 129, 4-26.
Miyake, A., & Friedman, N. (2012). The Nature and Organization of individual differences in Executive Functions: Four General Conclusions. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 21(1), 8-14.
Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M., Witzki, A. & Howerter, A. (2000). The Unity and Diversity of Executive Functions and their contributions to Complex "Frontal Lobe" Tasks: A Latent Variable Analysis. Cognitive Psychology, 41, 49-100.
Monsell, S. (2003). Task switching. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7(3), 134-140.
Morein-Zamir, S., & Kingstone, A. (2006) Fixation offset and stop signal intensity effects on saccadic countermanding: a crossmodal investigation. Experimental Brain Research, 175, 3453-462.
Nigg, J. T. (2000). On inhibition/disinhibition in developmental psychopathology: Views from cognitive and personality psychology and a working inhibition taxonomy. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 220-246.
Oberauer, K. (2001). Removing irrelevant information from working memory: Individual and age differences in short-term recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 27, 948–957.
Oberauer K. (2002). Access to information in working memory: exploring the focus of attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition, 28, 411–421.
Osman, A., Kornblum, S., & Meyer, D.E. (1986). The Point-of-No-Return in Choice Reaction-Time - Controlled and Ballistic Stages of Response Preparation. Journal of Experimental Psychology-Human Perception and Performance, 12, 243–258.
Osman, A., Kornblum, S., & Meyer, D. E. (1990). Does response programming necessitate response execution? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 16, 183-198.
Philipp, A. M., Kalinich, C., Koch, I., & Schubotz, R. I. (2008). Mixing costs and switch costs when switching stimulus dimensions in serial predictions. Psychological Research, 72, 405–414.
Schachar, R. J., & Logan, G. D. (1990). Impulsivity and inhibitory control in normal development and childhood psychopathology. Developmental Psychology, 26, 710–720.
R E S E A R C H
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH Procesos Inhibitorios y Flexibilidad Cognitiva
Introzzi et al. (2015) Int.j.psychol.res. 8 (2) PP. 60 - 74
74
Schachar, R., Tannock, R., Marriott, M., & Logan, G. (1995). Deficient inhibitory control in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 23, 411– 437.
Schneider, D. W., & Logan, G. D. (2005). Modeling task switching without switching tasks: A short-term priming account of explicitly cued performance. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 134, 343-367.
Simon, J. R., & Rudell, A, P. (1967). Auditory S-R compatibility: The effect of an irrelevant cue on information processing. Journal of Applied Psychology, 51,300- 304.
Sternberg, S. (1969). Memory-scanning: Mental processes revealed by reaction-time experiments. American Scientist, 57(4), 421-457.
Tresiman, A.M., & Gelade, G. (1980). A feature-integration theory of attention. Cognitive Psychology, 12, 97-136.
Treisman, A., & Sato, S. (1990). Conjunction search revisited. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 16, 459-478.
Tsal, Y., Shalev, L., & Mevorach, C. (2005). The diversity of attention deficits in ADHD: The prevalence of four cognitive factors in ADHD versus controls. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 38(2), 142-157.
Verbruggen, F., & De Houwer, J. (2007). Do emotional stimuli interfere with response inhibition? Evidence from the stop signal paradigm. Cognition & Emotion, 21, 391-40.
Verbruggen, F., & Logan, G. D. (2009). Automaticity of cognitive control: Goal priming in response-inhibition paradigms. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 35(5), 1381-1388.
Verbruggen, F., Logan, G.D., & Stevens, M.A. (2008). STOP--‐IT: Windows executable software for the stop-signal paradigm. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 479-483.
Waszak, F., Hommel, B., & Allport, A. (2003). Task-switching and long-term priming: Role of episodic stimulus-task bindings in task-shift costs. Cognitive Psychology, 46, 361-413.
Wylie, G., & Allport, A. (2000). Task switching and the measurement of “switch costs. Psychological Research, 63, 212-233
Yeung, N., & Monsell, S. (2003). Switching between tasks of unequal familiarity: The role of stimulus attribute and response-set selection. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 29(2), 455–469
Allport, A., & Wyllie, G. (1999). Task-switching: Positive and negative priming of task-set. In G. W. Humphreys, J. Duncan, & A. M. Treisman (Eds.), Attention, space an action: Studies in cognitive neuroscience (pp. 273-296). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Allport, A., & Wylie, G. (2000). Task switching, stimulus-response bindings, and negative priming. In S. Monsell & J. Driver (Eds.), Control of cognitive processes: Attention and performance XVIII (pp. 35–70). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Anderson, M. C., & Bjork, R. A. (1994). Mechanisms of inhibition in long-term memory: A new taxonomy. In D. Dagenbach & T. Carr (Eds.), Inhibitory processes in attention, memory, and language (pp. 265-325). New York: Academic Press.
Altmann, E. M., & Gray, W. D. (2008). An integrated model of cognitive control in task switching. Psychological Review, 115(3), 602-639.
Arbuthnott, K. D. (2005). The effect of repeated imagery on memory. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 19(7), 843-866.
Band, G. P. H., van der Molen, M., & Logan, G. (2003). Horse-race model simulations of the stop-signal procedure, Acta Psychologica. 112, 105-142.
Darowski, E. S., Helder, E., Zacks, R. T., Hasher, L., & Hambrick, D. Z. (2008). Age-Related Differences in Cognition: The Role of Distraction Control. Neuropsychology, 22(5), 638-644.
Davidson, M. C., Amso, D., Anderson, L. C., & Diamond, A. (2006). Development of cognitive control and executive functions from 4 to 13 years: Evidence from manipulations of memory, inhibition, and task switching. Neuropsychologia, 44, 2037-2078.
R E S E A R C H
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH Procesos Inhibitorios y Flexibilidad Cognitiva
Introzzi et al. (2015) Int.j.psychol.res. 8 (2) PP. 60 - 74
73
Diamond, A. (2013) Executive Functions. Annual Review of Psychology. 64, 135-168.
Eriksen, B. A., & Eriksen, C. W. (1974). Effects of noise letters upon the identification of a target letter in a nonsearch task. Perception & Psychophysics, 16, 143-149.
Friedman, N. P., & Miyake, A. (2004). The relations among inhibition and interference control functions: A latent-variable analysis. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 133, 101-135.
Gandolfi, E., Viterbori, P., Traverso, L., & Usai, M. C. (2014). Inhibitory processes in toddlers: a latent-variable approach. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1–11.
Goschke, T. (2000). Decomposing the central executive: Persistence, deactivation, and reconfiguration of voluntary task set. In S. Monsell and J. Driver (Eds.), Control of cognitive processes: Attention and performance XVIII (pp. 331-356). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Introzzi, I. & Canet Juric, L. (2014). Evaluación de las Funciones Ejecutivas. XVIII Congreso Nacional de Psicodiagnóstico. Asociación Argentina de Estudio e Investigación en Psicodiagnóstico ADEIP. Mar del Plata, Argentina. Disponible en www.adeip.org.ar/Congreso2014
Jersild, A.T. (1927). Mental set and shift. Archives of Psychology, 89, 5-82.
Joormann, J., & Gotlib, I.H. (2008). Updating the contents of working memory in depression: Interference from irrelevant negative material. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117, 206-213.
Kirkham, N. Z., Cruess, L., & Diamond, A. (2003). Helping children apply their knowledge to their behavior on a dimension-switching task. Developmental Science, 6, 449-467.
Kirkham, N. Z., & Diamond, A. (2003). Sorting between theories of perseveration: Performance in conflict tasks requires memory, attention, and inhibition. Developmental Science, 6, 474-476.
Koch, I., Gade, M., Schuch, S., & Philipp, A. (2010). The role of inhibition in task switching: A review. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 17(1), 1-14.
Logan, G. D., Schachar, R. J., & Tannock, R. (1997). Impulsivity and inhibitory control. Psychological Science, 8, 60-64.
Mayr, U., & Keele, S. W. (2000). Changing internal constraints on action: The role of backward inhibition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 129, 4-26.
Miyake, A., & Friedman, N. (2012). The Nature and Organization of individual differences in Executive Functions: Four General Conclusions. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 21(1), 8-14.
Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M., Witzki, A. & Howerter, A. (2000). The Unity and Diversity of Executive Functions and their contributions to Complex "Frontal Lobe" Tasks: A Latent Variable Analysis. Cognitive Psychology, 41, 49-100.
Monsell, S. (2003). Task switching. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7(3), 134-140.
Morein-Zamir, S., & Kingstone, A. (2006) Fixation offset and stop signal intensity effects on saccadic countermanding: a crossmodal investigation. Experimental Brain Research, 175, 3453-462.
Nigg, J. T. (2000). On inhibition/disinhibition in developmental psychopathology: Views from cognitive and personality psychology and a working inhibition taxonomy. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 220-246.
Oberauer, K. (2001). Removing irrelevant information from working memory: Individual and age differences in short-term recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 27, 948–957.
Oberauer K. (2002). Access to information in working memory: exploring the focus of attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition, 28, 411–421.
Osman, A., Kornblum, S., & Meyer, D.E. (1986). The Point-of-No-Return in Choice Reaction-Time - Controlled and Ballistic Stages of Response Preparation. Journal of Experimental Psychology-Human Perception and Performance, 12, 243–258.
Osman, A., Kornblum, S., & Meyer, D. E. (1990). Does response programming necessitate response execution? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 16, 183-198.
Philipp, A. M., Kalinich, C., Koch, I., & Schubotz, R. I. (2008). Mixing costs and switch costs when switching stimulus dimensions in serial predictions. Psychological Research, 72, 405–414.
Schachar, R. J., & Logan, G. D. (1990). Impulsivity and inhibitory control in normal development and childhood psychopathology. Developmental Psychology, 26, 710–720.
R E S E A R C H
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH Procesos Inhibitorios y Flexibilidad Cognitiva
Introzzi et al. (2015) Int.j.psychol.res. 8 (2) PP. 60 - 74
74
Schachar, R., Tannock, R., Marriott, M., & Logan, G. (1995). Deficient inhibitory control in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 23, 411– 437.
Schneider, D. W., & Logan, G. D. (2005). Modeling task switching without switching tasks: A short-term priming account of explicitly cued performance. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 134, 343-367.
Simon, J. R., & Rudell, A, P. (1967). Auditory S-R compatibility: The effect of an irrelevant cue on information processing. Journal of Applied Psychology, 51,300- 304.
Sternberg, S. (1969). Memory-scanning: Mental processes revealed by reaction-time experiments. American Scientist, 57(4), 421-457.
Tresiman, A.M., & Gelade, G. (1980). A feature-integration theory of attention. Cognitive Psychology, 12, 97-136.
Treisman, A., & Sato, S. (1990). Conjunction search revisited. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 16, 459-478.
Tsal, Y., Shalev, L., & Mevorach, C. (2005). The diversity of attention deficits in ADHD: The prevalence of four cognitive factors in ADHD versus controls. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 38(2), 142-157.
Verbruggen, F., & De Houwer, J. (2007). Do emotional stimuli interfere with response inhibition? Evidence from the stop signal paradigm. Cognition & Emotion, 21, 391-40.
Verbruggen, F., & Logan, G. D. (2009). Automaticity of cognitive control: Goal priming in response-inhibition paradigms. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 35(5), 1381-1388.
Verbruggen, F., Logan, G.D., & Stevens, M.A. (2008). STOP--‐IT: Windows executable software for the stop-signal paradigm. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 479-483.
Waszak, F., Hommel, B., & Allport, A. (2003). Task-switching and long-term priming: Role of episodic stimulus-task bindings in task-shift costs. Cognitive Psychology, 46, 361-413.
Wylie, G., & Allport, A. (2000). Task switching and the measurement of “switch costs. Psychological Research, 63, 212-233
Yeung, N., & Monsell, S. (2003). Switching between tasks of unequal familiarity: The role of stimulus attribute and response-set selection. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 29(2), 455–469
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