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Reivan-Ortiz, G. G., Pineda-Garcia, G., & León Parias, B. D. (2019). Psychometric Properties of The Goldberg Anxiety and Depression Scale (GADS) In Ecuadorian Population. International Journal of Psychological Research, 12(1), 41–48. https://doi.org/10.21500/20112084.3745
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The editorial board reserves the right of amendments deemed necessary in the application of the rules of publication.
To give up copyright, the authors allow that, International Journal of Psychological Research, distribute the work more broadly, check for the reuse by others and take care of the necessary procedures for the registration and administration of copyright; at the same time, our editorial board represents the interests of the author and allows authors to re-use his work in various forms. In response to the above, authors transfer copyright to the journal, International Journal of Psychological Research. This transfer does not imply other rights which are not those of authorship (for example those that concern about patents). Likewise, preserves the authors rights to use the work integral or partially in lectures, books and courses, as well as make copies for educational purposes. Finally, the authors may use freely the tables and figures in its future work, wherever make explicit reference to the previous publication in International Journal of Psychological Research. The assignment of copyright includes both virtual rights and forms of the article to allow the editorial to disseminate the work in the manner which it deems appropriate.
The editorial board reserves the right of amendments deemed necessary in the application of the rules of publication.
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to analyze the psychometric properties of validity and reliability of the Goldberg Anxiety and Depression Scale (GADS) in Ecuadorian university students, since a cultural validation of the instrument has not been found in Ecuador. The study population consisted of a non-probabilistic sample of 600 participants (59.6% women and 40.4% men, M = 21 years, SD = 2.82). The factorial structure was examined with the method of extraction by Parallel Analysis of unweighted least squares (ULS) and of prominent rotation. In both, internal consistency was evaluated by Cronbach’s alpha coefficients and composite reliability. Like the original version, both subscales have a factorial structure of one dimension and are considered good in terms of reliability, which concludes that the scale meets the criteria of validity and reliability in Ecuador.
References
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American Psychiatric Association. APA. (2002) Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais. DSM-IV-TR (4ed. rev.). Porto Alegre: Artmed.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®). Washington, DC: Author.
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Arellano Yépez, M. F., & Riofrío Andaluz, C. F. (2010). Prevalencia de trastornos depresivos y de ansiedad en el personal administrativo de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador (Bachelor›s thesis). Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Ecuador Recovered from: http://repositorio.puce.edu.ec/handle/22000/5045
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Behnke, S. (2006). APA’s Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct: An ethics code for all psychologists. Monitor on Psychology, 37(8), 66. doi:10.1037/e532252006-041
Bernardos, R. M., Larios, A. B., & Jimenez, M. O. (1999). ¿Podemos detectar trastornos mentales en atención primaria?. Utilidad y concordancia de dos instrumentos diagnósticos. Atención primaria: Publicación oficial de la Sociedad Española de Familia y Comunitaria, 23(5), 285-288.
Bond, J., Brooks, P., Carstairs, V., & Giles, L. (1980). The reliability of a survey psychiatric assessment schedule for the elderly. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 137(2), 148-162. doi:10.1192/bjp.137.2.148
Buja, A., & Eyuboglu, N. (1992). Remarks on parallel analysis. Multivariate behavioral research, 27(4), 509-540. doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr2704_2
Bullinger, M., Alonso, J., Apolone, G., Leplège, A., Sullivan, M., Wood-Dauphinee, S., ... & Fukuhara, S. (1998). Translating health status questionnaires and evaluating their quality: the IQOLA project approach. Journal of clinical epidemiology, 51(11), 913-923. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0895-4356(98)00082-1
Carmines, E. G., & Zeller, R. A. (1979). Reliability and validity assessment (17th. Ed.). Sage publications.
Espín Hernández, K. A. (2017). Pacientes con diagnóstico de VIH positivo y su capacidad de resiliencia ante los niveles de ansiedad y depresión provocados por la enfermedad en el hospital San Vicente de Paúl en el periodo 2016-2017 (Bachelor’s thesis). Universidad Técnica del Norte, Ecuador. Recovered from: http://repositorio.utn.edu.ec/handle/123456789/6804
Ferrando, P. J., & Lorenzo-Seva, U. (2017). Program FACTOR at 10: Origins, development and future directions. Psicothema, 29(2), 236-240. doi:10.7334/psicothema2016.304
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error: Algebra and Statistics. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(3), 382–388. doi:10.1177/002224378101800313
Goldberg, D. P., & Hillier, V. F. (1979). A scaled version of the General Health Questionnaire. Psychological medicine, 9(1), 139-145. doi:10.1017/S0033291700021644
Goldberg, D., Bridges, K., Duncan-Jones, P., & Grayson, D. (1988). Detecting anxiety and depression in general medical settings. Bmj, 297(6653), 897-899. doi:10.1136/bmj.297.6653.897
Granda Villavicencio, P. V., Aldude, H., & Vicente, M. (2017). Relación entre niveles de ansiedad y dependencia física a la nicotina, así como su correlación con percepción de salud general y uso de cigarrillo electrónico en estudiantes de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador (Bachelor›s thesis, PUCE). Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Ecuador. Recovered from: http://repositorio.puce.edu.ec/handle/22000/13970
Hambleton, R. K., & Bollwark, J. (1991). Adapting Tests for Use in Different Cultures: Technical Issues and Methods. Recovered from: https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED337481
Hambleton, R. K., & Kanjee, A. (1995). Increasing the validity of cross-cultural assessments: Use of improved methods for test adaptations. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 11(3), 147-157. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.11.3.147
Hernández Sampieri, R., Fernández Collado, C., & Baptista Lucio, P. (2015). Metodología de la investigación. (6th edition). México: McGraw-Hill.
Heyland, D. K., Guyatt, G., Cook, D. J., Meade, M., Juniper, E., Cronin, L., & Gafni, A. (1998). Frequency and methodologic rigor of quality-of-life assessments in the critical care literature. Critical care medicine, 26(3), 591-598. doi:10.1097/00003246-19980300000037
Kiely, K. M., & Butterworth, P. (2015). Validation of four measures of mental health against depression and generalized anxiety in a community based sample. Psychiatry research, 225(3), 291-298. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.12.023
Kinderman, P., Tai, S., Pontin, E., Schwannauer, M., Jarman, I., & Lisboa, P. (2015). Causal and mediating factors for anxiety, depression and well-being. British Journal of Psychiatry, 206(6), 456-460. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.114.147553
Koloski, N. A., Smith, N., Pachana, N. A., & Dobson, A. (2008). Performance of the Goldberg Anxiety and Depression Scale in older women. Age and ageing, 37(4), 464-467. doi:10.1093/ageing/afn091 https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afn091
Lloret-Segura, S., Ferreres-Traver, A., Hernández-Baeza, A., & Tomás-Marco, I. (2014). El análisis factorial exploratorio de los ítems: una guía práctica, revisada y actualizada. Anales de psicología, 30(3), 1151-1169. doi:10.6018/analesps.30.3.199361
López, M., Gabarrón, R., & Ruiz, A. (febrero-marzo de 2011). Depresión en atención primaria: una aproximación a los trabajos realizados en España. Trabajo presentado en el XII Congreso Virtual de Psiquiatría Interpsiquis 2011.
Lorenzo-Seva, U. (1999). Promin: A method for oblique factor rotation. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 34(3), 347-365. doi:10.1207/S15327906MBR3403_3
Mackinnon, A., Christensen, H., Jorm, A., Henderson, A., Scott, R., & Korten, A. (1994). A latent trait analysis of an inventory designed to detect symptoms of anxiety and depression using an elderly community sample. Psychological Medicine, 24(4), 977-986. doi:10.1017/S0033291700029068
Magnavita, N. (2007). Anxiety and depression at work. The A/D Goldberg Questionnaire. Giornale Italiano di Medicina del Lavoro ed Ergonomia, 29(3 Suppl), 670-671. Recovered from https://europepmc.org/abstract/med/18409897
Malhotra, K.N., & Dash, S. (2011), Marketing Research: An Applied Orientation (6th ed.). India: Dorling Kindersley Inda, Noida and Pearson Education.
Martín Carbonell, M., Pérez Díaz, R., & Riquelme Marín, A. (2016). Valor diagnóstico de la Escala de Ansiedad y Depresión de Goldberg (EAD-G) en adultos cubanos. Universitas Psychologica, 15(1), 177-192. doi:10.11144/Javeriana.upsy15-1.vdea
Montón, C., Pérez Echeverría, M. J., Campos, R., García Campayo, J., & Lobo, A. (1993). Escalas de ansiedad y depresión de Goldberg: una guía de entrevista eficaz para la detección del malestar psíquico. Aten Primaria, 12(6): 345-349. Recovered from http://pesquisa.bvs.br/aps/resource/es/mdl-8218816
Muthén, B., & Hofacker, C. (1988). Testing the assumptions underlying tetrachoric correlations. Psychometrika, 53(4), 563-578. doi:10.1007/BF02294408
Nunnally, J. C. (1975) The study of change in evaluation research: principles conconcerning measurement, experimental design and analysis. In E. L. Streuning & M. Guttentag (eds.) Handbook of Evauation Research (pp. 101-138). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage
Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric Theory (3rd. ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill
Pérez Gil, J. A., Chacón Moscoso, S., & Moreno Rodríguez, R. (2000). Validez de constructo: el uso de análisis factorial exploratorio-confirmatorio para obtener evidencias de validez. Psicothema, 12 (Supl. 2), 442-446. Recovered from http://www.psicothema.es/pdf/601.pdf
Price, J. H., & Murnan, J. (2004). Research Limitations and the Necessity of Reporting Them. American Journal of Health Education, 35(2), 66–67. doi:10.1080/19325037.2004.10603611
Salvador, L., Romero, C. & González, F. (2000). Guías para la descripción y la selección de instrumentos de evaluación en psiquiatría. En: A. Bulbena, G.E. Berrios, & P.F. De Larrinoa (Eds.), Medición clínica en psiquiatría y psicología (pp. 15-33). Barcelona: Masson.
Timmerman, M. E., & Lorenzo-Seva, U. (2011). Dimensionality assessment of ordered polytomous items with parallel analysis. Psychological Methods, 16(2), 209-220. doi:10.1037/a0023353
Varo, M. B., Fernández, M. O., Cobos, F. M., Gutiérrez, P. V., & Aragón, R. B. (2006). Intervención grupal en los trastornos de ansiedad en Atención Primaria: técnicas de relajación y cognitivo-conductuales. SEMERGEN-Medicina de Familia, 32(5), 205-210. doi:10.1016/S1138-3593(06)73258-0
Vergara-Romero, M., Morales-Asencio, J. M., Morales-Fernández, A., Canca-Sanchez, J. C., Rivas-Ruiz, F., & Reinaldo-Lapuerta, J. A. (2017). Validation of the Spanish version of the Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety and Information Scale (APAIS). Health and quality of life outcomes, 15(1), 120. doi:10.1186/s12955-017-0695-8
Werts, C. E., Linn, R. L., & Jöreskog, K. G. (1974). Intraclass Reliability Estimates: Testing Structural Assumptions. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 34(1), 25–33. doi:10.1177/001316447403400104
World Health Organization (1992), CIE-10. Décima revisión de la clasificación internacional de las enfermedades. Trastornos mentales y del comportamiento. Descripción clínica y pautas para el diagnóstico, Madrid. Ed. Méditor.
World Health Organization, WHO (2003). Informe sobre la salud en el Mundo 2003: forjemos el futuro. Ginebra, Organización Mundial de la Salud. Recovered from: https://www.who.int/whr/2003/es/
American Psychiatric Association. APA. (2002) Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais. DSM-IV-TR (4ed. rev.). Porto Alegre: Artmed.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®). Washington, DC: Author.
Aminpoor, H., Afshinfar, J., Mostafaei, A., & Ostovar, S. (2012). Validation of Goldberg’s Depression Scale in academic and non-academic peoples. Ann Biol Res, 3(9), 4564-4573.
Arellano Yépez, M. F., & Riofrío Andaluz, C. F. (2010). Prevalencia de trastornos depresivos y de ansiedad en el personal administrativo de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador (Bachelor›s thesis). Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Ecuador Recovered from: http://repositorio.puce.edu.ec/handle/22000/5045
Ayuso, J. L., & Álvarez, E. (2000). Depresión. Psiquiatría en Atención Primaria, 5, 6-11.
Beaton, D. E., Bombardier, C., Guillemin, F., & Ferraz, M. B. (2000). Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine, 25(24), 3186-3191. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-200012150-00014
Behnke, S. (2006). APA’s Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct: An ethics code for all psychologists. Monitor on Psychology, 37(8), 66. doi:10.1037/e532252006-041
Bernardos, R. M., Larios, A. B., & Jimenez, M. O. (1999). ¿Podemos detectar trastornos mentales en atención primaria?. Utilidad y concordancia de dos instrumentos diagnósticos. Atención primaria: Publicación oficial de la Sociedad Española de Familia y Comunitaria, 23(5), 285-288.
Bond, J., Brooks, P., Carstairs, V., & Giles, L. (1980). The reliability of a survey psychiatric assessment schedule for the elderly. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 137(2), 148-162. doi:10.1192/bjp.137.2.148
Buja, A., & Eyuboglu, N. (1992). Remarks on parallel analysis. Multivariate behavioral research, 27(4), 509-540. doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr2704_2
Bullinger, M., Alonso, J., Apolone, G., Leplège, A., Sullivan, M., Wood-Dauphinee, S., ... & Fukuhara, S. (1998). Translating health status questionnaires and evaluating their quality: the IQOLA project approach. Journal of clinical epidemiology, 51(11), 913-923. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0895-4356(98)00082-1
Carmines, E. G., & Zeller, R. A. (1979). Reliability and validity assessment (17th. Ed.). Sage publications.
Espín Hernández, K. A. (2017). Pacientes con diagnóstico de VIH positivo y su capacidad de resiliencia ante los niveles de ansiedad y depresión provocados por la enfermedad en el hospital San Vicente de Paúl en el periodo 2016-2017 (Bachelor’s thesis). Universidad Técnica del Norte, Ecuador. Recovered from: http://repositorio.utn.edu.ec/handle/123456789/6804
Ferrando, P. J., & Lorenzo-Seva, U. (2017). Program FACTOR at 10: Origins, development and future directions. Psicothema, 29(2), 236-240. doi:10.7334/psicothema2016.304
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error: Algebra and Statistics. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(3), 382–388. doi:10.1177/002224378101800313
Goldberg, D. P., & Hillier, V. F. (1979). A scaled version of the General Health Questionnaire. Psychological medicine, 9(1), 139-145. doi:10.1017/S0033291700021644
Goldberg, D., Bridges, K., Duncan-Jones, P., & Grayson, D. (1988). Detecting anxiety and depression in general medical settings. Bmj, 297(6653), 897-899. doi:10.1136/bmj.297.6653.897
Granda Villavicencio, P. V., Aldude, H., & Vicente, M. (2017). Relación entre niveles de ansiedad y dependencia física a la nicotina, así como su correlación con percepción de salud general y uso de cigarrillo electrónico en estudiantes de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador (Bachelor›s thesis, PUCE). Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Ecuador. Recovered from: http://repositorio.puce.edu.ec/handle/22000/13970
Hambleton, R. K., & Bollwark, J. (1991). Adapting Tests for Use in Different Cultures: Technical Issues and Methods. Recovered from: https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED337481
Hambleton, R. K., & Kanjee, A. (1995). Increasing the validity of cross-cultural assessments: Use of improved methods for test adaptations. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 11(3), 147-157. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.11.3.147
Hernández Sampieri, R., Fernández Collado, C., & Baptista Lucio, P. (2015). Metodología de la investigación. (6th edition). México: McGraw-Hill.
Heyland, D. K., Guyatt, G., Cook, D. J., Meade, M., Juniper, E., Cronin, L., & Gafni, A. (1998). Frequency and methodologic rigor of quality-of-life assessments in the critical care literature. Critical care medicine, 26(3), 591-598. doi:10.1097/00003246-19980300000037
Kiely, K. M., & Butterworth, P. (2015). Validation of four measures of mental health against depression and generalized anxiety in a community based sample. Psychiatry research, 225(3), 291-298. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.12.023
Kinderman, P., Tai, S., Pontin, E., Schwannauer, M., Jarman, I., & Lisboa, P. (2015). Causal and mediating factors for anxiety, depression and well-being. British Journal of Psychiatry, 206(6), 456-460. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.114.147553
Koloski, N. A., Smith, N., Pachana, N. A., & Dobson, A. (2008). Performance of the Goldberg Anxiety and Depression Scale in older women. Age and ageing, 37(4), 464-467. doi:10.1093/ageing/afn091 https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afn091
Lloret-Segura, S., Ferreres-Traver, A., Hernández-Baeza, A., & Tomás-Marco, I. (2014). El análisis factorial exploratorio de los ítems: una guía práctica, revisada y actualizada. Anales de psicología, 30(3), 1151-1169. doi:10.6018/analesps.30.3.199361
López, M., Gabarrón, R., & Ruiz, A. (febrero-marzo de 2011). Depresión en atención primaria: una aproximación a los trabajos realizados en España. Trabajo presentado en el XII Congreso Virtual de Psiquiatría Interpsiquis 2011.
Lorenzo-Seva, U. (1999). Promin: A method for oblique factor rotation. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 34(3), 347-365. doi:10.1207/S15327906MBR3403_3
Mackinnon, A., Christensen, H., Jorm, A., Henderson, A., Scott, R., & Korten, A. (1994). A latent trait analysis of an inventory designed to detect symptoms of anxiety and depression using an elderly community sample. Psychological Medicine, 24(4), 977-986. doi:10.1017/S0033291700029068
Magnavita, N. (2007). Anxiety and depression at work. The A/D Goldberg Questionnaire. Giornale Italiano di Medicina del Lavoro ed Ergonomia, 29(3 Suppl), 670-671. Recovered from https://europepmc.org/abstract/med/18409897
Malhotra, K.N., & Dash, S. (2011), Marketing Research: An Applied Orientation (6th ed.). India: Dorling Kindersley Inda, Noida and Pearson Education.
Martín Carbonell, M., Pérez Díaz, R., & Riquelme Marín, A. (2016). Valor diagnóstico de la Escala de Ansiedad y Depresión de Goldberg (EAD-G) en adultos cubanos. Universitas Psychologica, 15(1), 177-192. doi:10.11144/Javeriana.upsy15-1.vdea
Montón, C., Pérez Echeverría, M. J., Campos, R., García Campayo, J., & Lobo, A. (1993). Escalas de ansiedad y depresión de Goldberg: una guía de entrevista eficaz para la detección del malestar psíquico. Aten Primaria, 12(6): 345-349. Recovered from http://pesquisa.bvs.br/aps/resource/es/mdl-8218816
Muthén, B., & Hofacker, C. (1988). Testing the assumptions underlying tetrachoric correlations. Psychometrika, 53(4), 563-578. doi:10.1007/BF02294408
Nunnally, J. C. (1975) The study of change in evaluation research: principles conconcerning measurement, experimental design and analysis. In E. L. Streuning & M. Guttentag (eds.) Handbook of Evauation Research (pp. 101-138). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage
Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric Theory (3rd. ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill
Pérez Gil, J. A., Chacón Moscoso, S., & Moreno Rodríguez, R. (2000). Validez de constructo: el uso de análisis factorial exploratorio-confirmatorio para obtener evidencias de validez. Psicothema, 12 (Supl. 2), 442-446. Recovered from http://www.psicothema.es/pdf/601.pdf
Price, J. H., & Murnan, J. (2004). Research Limitations and the Necessity of Reporting Them. American Journal of Health Education, 35(2), 66–67. doi:10.1080/19325037.2004.10603611
Salvador, L., Romero, C. & González, F. (2000). Guías para la descripción y la selección de instrumentos de evaluación en psiquiatría. En: A. Bulbena, G.E. Berrios, & P.F. De Larrinoa (Eds.), Medición clínica en psiquiatría y psicología (pp. 15-33). Barcelona: Masson.
Timmerman, M. E., & Lorenzo-Seva, U. (2011). Dimensionality assessment of ordered polytomous items with parallel analysis. Psychological Methods, 16(2), 209-220. doi:10.1037/a0023353
Varo, M. B., Fernández, M. O., Cobos, F. M., Gutiérrez, P. V., & Aragón, R. B. (2006). Intervención grupal en los trastornos de ansiedad en Atención Primaria: técnicas de relajación y cognitivo-conductuales. SEMERGEN-Medicina de Familia, 32(5), 205-210. doi:10.1016/S1138-3593(06)73258-0
Vergara-Romero, M., Morales-Asencio, J. M., Morales-Fernández, A., Canca-Sanchez, J. C., Rivas-Ruiz, F., & Reinaldo-Lapuerta, J. A. (2017). Validation of the Spanish version of the Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety and Information Scale (APAIS). Health and quality of life outcomes, 15(1), 120. doi:10.1186/s12955-017-0695-8
Werts, C. E., Linn, R. L., & Jöreskog, K. G. (1974). Intraclass Reliability Estimates: Testing Structural Assumptions. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 34(1), 25–33. doi:10.1177/001316447403400104
World Health Organization (1992), CIE-10. Décima revisión de la clasificación internacional de las enfermedades. Trastornos mentales y del comportamiento. Descripción clínica y pautas para el diagnóstico, Madrid. Ed. Méditor.
World Health Organization, WHO (2003). Informe sobre la salud en el Mundo 2003: forjemos el futuro. Ginebra, Organización Mundial de la Salud. Recovered from: https://www.who.int/whr/2003/es/
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