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Oh, S., Kim, A., Kang, E., & Choi, S. (2020). Resting State Brain Network Function in Elderly: The Formation of Social Ties. International Journal of Psychological Research, 13(2), 59–67. https://doi.org/10.21500/20112084.4422
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The editorial board reserves the right of amendments deemed necessary in the application of the rules of publication.
To give up copyright, the authors allow that, International Journal of Psychological Research, distribute the work more broadly, check for the reuse by others and take care of the necessary procedures for the registration and administration of copyright; at the same time, our editorial board represents the interests of the author and allows authors to re-use his work in various forms. In response to the above, authors transfer copyright to the journal, International Journal of Psychological Research. This transfer does not imply other rights which are not those of authorship (for example those that concern about patents). Likewise, preserves the authors rights to use the work integral or partially in lectures, books and courses, as well as make copies for educational purposes. Finally, the authors may use freely the tables and figures in its future work, wherever make explicit reference to the previous publication in International Journal of Psychological Research. The assignment of copyright includes both virtual rights and forms of the article to allow the editorial to disseminate the work in the manner which it deems appropriate.
The editorial board reserves the right of amendments deemed necessary in the application of the rules of publication.
Abstract
Background: The purpose of this study is to determine the relevance of the relationship between brain network and the social ties management.Methods: Participants are based on 52 Korean seniors aged 65 and older who live in Ganghwa-gun, Incheon. We used a closed-triad index (CTI), which is the most basic unit of analysis in the study of group phenomena. This index is a social networking variable that has been shown to have a different implication depending on the subject’s condition and role. After two questionnaire surveys were conducted at three years intervals, participants were classified into an increased group and a decreased group according to the change of CTI. Resting-state fMRI analysis were followed to investigate the difference of brain networks between groups. Results: According to the analysis of the study, the whole participants who had increased in number of CTI has higher local efficiency than the group of the participants who had no effect or decreased in CTI. Conclusions: Our study suggests that social relationship, which is substantially related to brain network, is a major factor in successful aging. Lastly, since there is a restriction that the study cannot explain the causal aspect of the brain network and the triad-relationship, there is a need for further investigation.
References
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Brothers, L. (2001). Friday’s footprint: How society shapes the human mind. Oxford University Press.
Bullmore, E., & Sporns, O. (2009). Complex brain networks: Graph theoretical analysis of structural and functional systems. Nat. Rev. Neuroscience, 10 (3), 186–198. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2575.
Burt, R. S. (1992). Structural hole. Harvard Business School Press.
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Cornwell, &Waite, L. J. (2009). Social disconnectedness, perceived isolation, and health among older adults. Journal of health and social behavior, 50 (1), 31–48. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2F002214650905000103.
Costenbaderm, E., & Valente, T. W. (2003). The stability of centrality measures when networks are sampled. Social networks, 25 (4), 283–307.
Decety, J., & Grèzes, J. (2006). The power of simulation: Imagining one’s own and other’s behavior. Brain research, 1079 (1), 4–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2005.12.115.
de Vico Fallani, F., Richiardi, J., Chavez, M., & Achard, S. (2014). Graph analysis of functional brain networks: Practical issues in translational neuroscience. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 369 (1653), 20130521. https://dx.doi.org/10.1098/2Frstb.2013.0521.
Dugan, E., & Kivett, V. R. (1994). The importance of emotional and social isolation to loneliness among very old rural adults. The Gerontologist, 34 (3), 340–346. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/34.3.340.
Dunkle, R. E., Roberts, B., & Haug, M. R. (2001). The oldest old in everyday life: Self perception, coping with change, and stress. Springer Publishing Company.
Fiori, K. L., Antonucci, T. C., & Cortina, K. S. (2006). Social network typologies and mental health among older adults. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 61 (1), P25–P32. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/61.1.p25.
Fratiglioni, L., Wang, H. X., Ericsson, K., Maytan, M., & Winblad, B. (2000). Influence of social network on occurrence of dementia: A communitybased longitudinal study. The lancet, 355 (9212), 1315–1319. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(00)02113-9.
Frith, U., & Frith, C. (2001). The biological basis of social interaction. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10 (5), 151–155. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/1467-8721.00137.
Gargiulo, M., & Benassi, M. (2000). Trapped in your own net? network cohesion, structural holes, and the adaptation of social capital. Organization science, 11 (2), 183–196. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.11.2.183.12514.
Green, M. F., & Horan, W. P. (2010). Social cognition in schizophrenia. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19 (4), 243–248. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0963721410377600.
Holtzman, R. E., Rebok, G. W., Saczynski, J. S., Kouzis, A. C., WilcoxDoyle, K., & Eaton, W. W. (2004). Social network characteristics and cognition in middle-aged and older adults. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 59 (6), P278–P284. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0963721410377600.
Huang, H., Tang, J., Wu, S., & Liu, L. (2014, April). Mining triadic closure patterns in social networks. In Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on World Wide Web(pp. 499-504). ACM.
Hynes, C. A., Baird, A. A., & Grafton, S. T. (2006). Differential role of the orbital frontal lobe in emotional versus cognitive perspective-taking. Neuropsychologia, 44 (3), 374–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.06.011.
Kennedy, D. P., Redcay, E., & Courchesne, E. (2006). Failing to deactivate: Resting functional abnormalities in autism. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103 (21), 8275–8280. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0600674103.
Kim, H. Y., & Choi, J. Y. (2016). Aging and efficiency of brain functional networks : Preliminary study in korean women. Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology, 28 (4), 675–682.
Kwak, S., Joo, W., Youm, Y., & Chey, J. (2018). Social brain volume is associated with in-degree social network size among older adults. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 285 (1871), 20172708. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.2708.
Latora, V., & Marchiori, M. (2001). Efficient behavior of small-world networks. Physical review letters, 87 (19), 198701. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.198701.
Latora, V., & Marchiori, M. (2003). Economic smallworld behavior in weighted networks. The European Physical Journal B-Condensed Matter and Complex Systems, 32 (2), 249–263. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjb/e2003-00095-5.
Lewis, J. D., Evans, A. C., Pruett, J. R., Botteron, K., Zwaigenbaum, L., Estes, A., Gerig, G., Collins, L., Kostopoulos, P., McKinstry, R., Dager, S., Paterson, S., Schultz, R. T., Styner, M., & Hazlett, S., H.and Dager. (2014). Network inefficiencies in autism spectrum disorder at 24 months. Translational psychiatry, 4 (5), e388–e388. https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Ftp.2014.24.
Liu, Y., & et al. (2008). Disrupted small-world networks in schizophrenia. Brain, 131 (4), 945–961. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awn018.
Petrella, J. R. (2011). Use of graph theory to evaluate brain networks: A clinical tool for a small world? Reviews and Commentary, 259 (2), 317–320. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.11110380.
Pinkham, A. E., Hopfinger, J. B., Pelphrey, K. A., Piven, J., & Penn, D. L. (2008). Neural bases for impaired social cognition in schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders. Schizophrenia research, 99 (1), 164–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2007.10.024.
Prince, M. J., Harwood, R. H., Blizard, R. A., Thomas, A., & Mann, A. H. (1997). Social support deficits, loneliness and life events as risk factors for depression in old age. the gospel oak project vi. Psychological medicine, 27 (02), 323–332. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291796004485.
Rolland, Y., van Kan, G. A., & Vellas, B. (2010). Healthy brain aging: Role of exercise and physical activity. Clinics in geriatric medicine, 26 (1), 75–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cger.2009.11.002.
Ruben, J., Schwiemann, J., Deuchert, M., Meyer, R., Krause, T., Curio, G., Villringer, K., Kurth, R., & Villringer, A. (2001). Somatotopic organization of human secondary somatosensory cortex. Cerebral Cortex, 11 (5), 463–473. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/11.5.463.
Rubinov, M., & Sporns, O. (2010). Complex network measures of brain connectivity: Uses and interpretations. Neuroimage, 52 (3), 1059–1069.
Rudie, J. D., & et al. (2013). Altered functional and structural brain network organization in autism. NeuroImage: clinical, 2, 79–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2012.11.006.
Sabbagh, M. A. (2004). Understanding orbitofrontal contributions to theory-of-mind reasoning: Implications for autism. Brain and cognition, 55 (1), 209–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2003.04.002.
Sala-Llonch, R., & et al. (2014). Changes in whole-brain functional networks and memory performance in aging. Neurobiology of aging, 35 (10), 2193–2202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.04.007.
Scheff, S. W., Price, D. A., Schmitt, F. A., Scheff, M. A., & Mufson, E. J. (2011). Synaptic loss in the inferior temporal gyrus in mild cognitive impairment and alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 24 (3), 547–557. https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-2011-101782.
Van Den Heuvel, M. P., & Pol, H. E. H. (2010). Exploring the brain network: A review on resting-state fmri functional connectivity. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 20 (8), 519–534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2010.03.008.
Van Tilburg, T. (1998). Losing and gaining in old age: Changes in personal network size and social support in a four-year longitudinal study. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 53 (6), S313–S323. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/53b.6.s313.
Watts, D. J., & Strogatz, S. H. (1998). Collective dynamics of ‘small-world’networks. Nature, 393 (6684), 440–442. https://doi.org/10.1038/30918.
Welchew, D. E., & et al. (2005). Functional disconnectivity of the medial temporal lobe in aspergers syndrome. Biological psychiatry, 57 (9), 991– 998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.01.028.
Winningham, R. G., & Pike, N. L. (2007). A cognitive intervention to enhance institutionalized older adults social support networks and decrease loneliness. Aging & mental health, 11 (6), 716–721. https://doi.org/10.1080/1360786070136622.
Ybarra, O., Burnstein, E., Winkielman, P., Keller, M. C., Manis, M., Chan, E., & Rodriguez, J. (2008). Mental exercising through simple socializing: Social interaction promotes general cognitive functioning. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34 (2), 248–259. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167207310454.
Youm, Y., Laumann, E. O., Ferraro, K. F., Waite, L. J., Kim, H. C., Park, Y., Chu, S. H., Joo, W., & Lee, J. A. (2014). Social network properties and self-rated health in later life: Comparisons from the korean social life, health, and aging project and the national social life, health and aging project. BMC geriatrics, 14, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2318-14-102.
Zunzunegui, M. V., Alvarado, B. E., Del Ser, T., & Otero, A. (2003). Social networks, social integration, and social engagement determine cognitive decline in community-dwelling Spanish older adults. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 2, S93–S100.
Barrera, M., Sandler, I. N., & Ramsay, T. B. (1981). Preliminary development of a scale of social support: Studies on college students. American Journal of Community Psychology, 9 (4), 435–447. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00918174.
Bechara, A., Damasio, H., & Damasio, A. R. (2000). Emotion, decision making and the orbitofrontal cortex. Cerebral cortex, 10 (3), 295–307. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/10.3.295.
Bherer, L., Erickson, K. I., & Liu-Ambrose, T. (2013). A review of the effects of physical activity and exercise on cognitive and brain functions in older adults. Journal of aging research, 2013, 657508. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/657508.
Brothers, L. (2001). Friday’s footprint: How society shapes the human mind. Oxford University Press.
Bullmore, E., & Sporns, O. (2009). Complex brain networks: Graph theoretical analysis of structural and functional systems. Nat. Rev. Neuroscience, 10 (3), 186–198. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2575.
Burt, R. S. (1992). Structural hole. Harvard Business School Press.
Cornwell, B., Laumann, E. O., & Schumm, L. P. (2008). The social connectedness of older adults: A national profile. American sociological review, 73 (2), 185–203. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F000312240807300201.
Cornwell, &Waite, L. J. (2009). Social disconnectedness, perceived isolation, and health among older adults. Journal of health and social behavior, 50 (1), 31–48. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2F002214650905000103.
Costenbaderm, E., & Valente, T. W. (2003). The stability of centrality measures when networks are sampled. Social networks, 25 (4), 283–307.
Decety, J., & Grèzes, J. (2006). The power of simulation: Imagining one’s own and other’s behavior. Brain research, 1079 (1), 4–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2005.12.115.
de Vico Fallani, F., Richiardi, J., Chavez, M., & Achard, S. (2014). Graph analysis of functional brain networks: Practical issues in translational neuroscience. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 369 (1653), 20130521. https://dx.doi.org/10.1098/2Frstb.2013.0521.
Dugan, E., & Kivett, V. R. (1994). The importance of emotional and social isolation to loneliness among very old rural adults. The Gerontologist, 34 (3), 340–346. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/34.3.340.
Dunkle, R. E., Roberts, B., & Haug, M. R. (2001). The oldest old in everyday life: Self perception, coping with change, and stress. Springer Publishing Company.
Fiori, K. L., Antonucci, T. C., & Cortina, K. S. (2006). Social network typologies and mental health among older adults. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 61 (1), P25–P32. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/61.1.p25.
Fratiglioni, L., Wang, H. X., Ericsson, K., Maytan, M., & Winblad, B. (2000). Influence of social network on occurrence of dementia: A communitybased longitudinal study. The lancet, 355 (9212), 1315–1319. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(00)02113-9.
Frith, U., & Frith, C. (2001). The biological basis of social interaction. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10 (5), 151–155. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/1467-8721.00137.
Gargiulo, M., & Benassi, M. (2000). Trapped in your own net? network cohesion, structural holes, and the adaptation of social capital. Organization science, 11 (2), 183–196. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.11.2.183.12514.
Green, M. F., & Horan, W. P. (2010). Social cognition in schizophrenia. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19 (4), 243–248. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0963721410377600.
Holtzman, R. E., Rebok, G. W., Saczynski, J. S., Kouzis, A. C., WilcoxDoyle, K., & Eaton, W. W. (2004). Social network characteristics and cognition in middle-aged and older adults. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 59 (6), P278–P284. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0963721410377600.
Huang, H., Tang, J., Wu, S., & Liu, L. (2014, April). Mining triadic closure patterns in social networks. In Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on World Wide Web(pp. 499-504). ACM.
Hynes, C. A., Baird, A. A., & Grafton, S. T. (2006). Differential role of the orbital frontal lobe in emotional versus cognitive perspective-taking. Neuropsychologia, 44 (3), 374–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.06.011.
Kennedy, D. P., Redcay, E., & Courchesne, E. (2006). Failing to deactivate: Resting functional abnormalities in autism. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103 (21), 8275–8280. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0600674103.
Kim, H. Y., & Choi, J. Y. (2016). Aging and efficiency of brain functional networks : Preliminary study in korean women. Korean Journal of Cognitive and Biological Psychology, 28 (4), 675–682.
Kwak, S., Joo, W., Youm, Y., & Chey, J. (2018). Social brain volume is associated with in-degree social network size among older adults. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 285 (1871), 20172708. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.2708.
Latora, V., & Marchiori, M. (2001). Efficient behavior of small-world networks. Physical review letters, 87 (19), 198701. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.198701.
Latora, V., & Marchiori, M. (2003). Economic smallworld behavior in weighted networks. The European Physical Journal B-Condensed Matter and Complex Systems, 32 (2), 249–263. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjb/e2003-00095-5.
Lewis, J. D., Evans, A. C., Pruett, J. R., Botteron, K., Zwaigenbaum, L., Estes, A., Gerig, G., Collins, L., Kostopoulos, P., McKinstry, R., Dager, S., Paterson, S., Schultz, R. T., Styner, M., & Hazlett, S., H.and Dager. (2014). Network inefficiencies in autism spectrum disorder at 24 months. Translational psychiatry, 4 (5), e388–e388. https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Ftp.2014.24.
Liu, Y., & et al. (2008). Disrupted small-world networks in schizophrenia. Brain, 131 (4), 945–961. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awn018.
Petrella, J. R. (2011). Use of graph theory to evaluate brain networks: A clinical tool for a small world? Reviews and Commentary, 259 (2), 317–320. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.11110380.
Pinkham, A. E., Hopfinger, J. B., Pelphrey, K. A., Piven, J., & Penn, D. L. (2008). Neural bases for impaired social cognition in schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders. Schizophrenia research, 99 (1), 164–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2007.10.024.
Prince, M. J., Harwood, R. H., Blizard, R. A., Thomas, A., & Mann, A. H. (1997). Social support deficits, loneliness and life events as risk factors for depression in old age. the gospel oak project vi. Psychological medicine, 27 (02), 323–332. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291796004485.
Rolland, Y., van Kan, G. A., & Vellas, B. (2010). Healthy brain aging: Role of exercise and physical activity. Clinics in geriatric medicine, 26 (1), 75–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cger.2009.11.002.
Ruben, J., Schwiemann, J., Deuchert, M., Meyer, R., Krause, T., Curio, G., Villringer, K., Kurth, R., & Villringer, A. (2001). Somatotopic organization of human secondary somatosensory cortex. Cerebral Cortex, 11 (5), 463–473. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/11.5.463.
Rubinov, M., & Sporns, O. (2010). Complex network measures of brain connectivity: Uses and interpretations. Neuroimage, 52 (3), 1059–1069.
Rudie, J. D., & et al. (2013). Altered functional and structural brain network organization in autism. NeuroImage: clinical, 2, 79–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2012.11.006.
Sabbagh, M. A. (2004). Understanding orbitofrontal contributions to theory-of-mind reasoning: Implications for autism. Brain and cognition, 55 (1), 209–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2003.04.002.
Sala-Llonch, R., & et al. (2014). Changes in whole-brain functional networks and memory performance in aging. Neurobiology of aging, 35 (10), 2193–2202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.04.007.
Scheff, S. W., Price, D. A., Schmitt, F. A., Scheff, M. A., & Mufson, E. J. (2011). Synaptic loss in the inferior temporal gyrus in mild cognitive impairment and alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 24 (3), 547–557. https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-2011-101782.
Van Den Heuvel, M. P., & Pol, H. E. H. (2010). Exploring the brain network: A review on resting-state fmri functional connectivity. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 20 (8), 519–534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2010.03.008.
Van Tilburg, T. (1998). Losing and gaining in old age: Changes in personal network size and social support in a four-year longitudinal study. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 53 (6), S313–S323. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/53b.6.s313.
Watts, D. J., & Strogatz, S. H. (1998). Collective dynamics of ‘small-world’networks. Nature, 393 (6684), 440–442. https://doi.org/10.1038/30918.
Welchew, D. E., & et al. (2005). Functional disconnectivity of the medial temporal lobe in aspergers syndrome. Biological psychiatry, 57 (9), 991– 998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.01.028.
Winningham, R. G., & Pike, N. L. (2007). A cognitive intervention to enhance institutionalized older adults social support networks and decrease loneliness. Aging & mental health, 11 (6), 716–721. https://doi.org/10.1080/1360786070136622.
Ybarra, O., Burnstein, E., Winkielman, P., Keller, M. C., Manis, M., Chan, E., & Rodriguez, J. (2008). Mental exercising through simple socializing: Social interaction promotes general cognitive functioning. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34 (2), 248–259. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167207310454.
Youm, Y., Laumann, E. O., Ferraro, K. F., Waite, L. J., Kim, H. C., Park, Y., Chu, S. H., Joo, W., & Lee, J. A. (2014). Social network properties and self-rated health in later life: Comparisons from the korean social life, health, and aging project and the national social life, health and aging project. BMC geriatrics, 14, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2318-14-102.
Zunzunegui, M. V., Alvarado, B. E., Del Ser, T., & Otero, A. (2003). Social networks, social integration, and social engagement determine cognitive decline in community-dwelling Spanish older adults. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 2, S93–S100.
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