The Interaction Effects of Age and Body Size on Body Appreciation and Health-Related Behaviors
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Hyun-Hwa Lee
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Lee, M., & Lee, H.-H. (2022). The Interaction Effects of Age and Body Size on Body Appreciation and Health-Related Behaviors. International Journal of Psychological Research, 15(2), 34–43. https://doi.org/10.21500/20112084.5490
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To give up copyright, the authors allow that, International Journal of Psychological Research, distribute the work more broadly, check for the reuse by others and take care of the necessary procedures for the registration and administration of copyright; at the same time, our editorial board represents the interests of the author and allows authors to re-use his work in various forms. In response to the above, authors transfer copyright to the journal, International Journal of Psychological Research. This transfer does not imply other rights which are not those of authorship (for example those that concern about patents). Likewise, preserves the authors rights to use the work integral or partially in lectures, books and courses, as well as make copies for educational purposes. Finally, the authors may use freely the tables and figures in its future work, wherever make explicit reference to the previous publication in International Journal of Psychological Research. The assignment of copyright includes both virtual rights and forms of the article to allow the editorial to disseminate the work in the manner which it deems appropriate.
The editorial board reserves the right of amendments deemed necessary in the application of the rules of publication.
Abstract
Whilst the associations among age, body size, body (dis)satisfaction, and weight management behavior have been well documented, there is little research on how the combination of age and body size is related to body appreciation and health-related behavioral intentions. The purpose of this study is to identify the associations of age, body size, and their interactions with body appreciation and health-related behavioral intentions among Korean women. A cross-sectional research design was adopted with a convenience sampling method. Using an online survey questionnaire, complete data on body appreciation, health-related behavioral intentions, body size, height, weight, and age were collected from 531 Korean adult women aged 20-77 years. Using average scores for each variable, a series of hierarchical regression analyses were performed to identify the relative contributions of predictor variables on each criterion variable. The significant interaction terms were further examined using the PROCESS macro in SPSS. Overall, older Korean women were found to be more likely to have a positive body image and lower levels of behavioral intentions towards striving for a healthy body than younger women. This study confirmed the relative contribution of subjective body size in explaining women’s body-related perceptions and behaviors, as compared to their actual BMI.
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References
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Bradbury, K. E., Guo, W., Cairns, B. J., Armstrong, M. E. G., & Key, T. J. (2017). Association between physical activity and body fat percentage, with adjustment for BMI: A large crosssectional analysis of UK Biobank. BMJ Open, 7, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016011843
Chen, W., Hua, M., Yu, S., Wang, X., & Ulrich, D. (2017). Association of positive psychological wellbeing and BMI with physical and mental health among college students. Journal of Scientific & Technical Research, 1 (4), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.26717/BJSTR.2017.01.000370
Chrisler, J. C., Barney, A., & Palatino, B. (2016). Ageism can be hazardous to women’s health: Ageism, sexism, and stereotypes of older women in the healthcare system. Journal of Social Issues, 72 (1), 86–104. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12157
Clarke, C. L., Sniehotta, F. F., Vadiveloo, T., Argo, I. S., Donnan, P. T., McMurdo, M. E. T., & Wrtham, M. D. (2017). Factors associated with change in objectively measured physical activity in older peopledata from the physical activity cohort Scotland study. BMC Geriatrics, 17, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-017-0578-1
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Routledge.
de Wit, L. M., Straten, A., Herten, M., Penninx, B. W. J. H., & Cuijpers, P. (2009). Depression and body mass index, a u-shaped association. BMC Public Health, 9, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-9-14
Elder, G. H., Jr., Johnson, M. K., & Crosnoe, R. (2003). The emergence and development of life course theory. In J. T. Mortimer & M. J. Shanahan (Eds.), Handbook of the life course (pp. 3–19). Kluwer Academic/Plenum.
Gillen, M. M. (2015). Associations between positive body image and indicators of men’s and women’s mental and physical health. Body Image, 13, 67–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.01.002
Green, S. B. (1991). How many subjects does it take to do a regression analysis. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 26, 499–510. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr2603_7
Hair, J. F., Jr., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis (7th ed.) Prentice-Hall.
Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Press.
Homan, K. J. (2016). Factor structure and psychometric properties of a state version of the Body Appreciation Scale-2. Body Image, 19, 204–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.10.004
Jang, H. Y., Ahn, J. W., & Jeon, M. K. (2018). Factors affecting body image discordance amongst
korean adults aged 19–34 years. Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives, 9 (4), 197–206.
Karazsia, B. T., Murnen, S. K., & Tylka, T. L. (2017). Is body dissatisfaction changing across time? A cross-temporal meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 143 (3), 293–320. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000081
Kim, D. S., Kim, H. S., Cho, Y., & Cho, S. I. (2008). The effects of actual and perceived body weight on unhealthy weight control behaviors and depressed mood among adult women in Seoul, Korea. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, 41 (5), 323–330. https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2008.41.5.323
Kim, M. J., Lee, C. K., G., K. W., & Kim, J. M. (2013). Relationships between lifestyle of health and sustainability
and healthy food choices for seniors. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 25 (4), 558–576. https://doi.org/10.1108/09596111311322925
Kline, R. B. (2010). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). Guilford Press.
Kontis, V., Bennett, J. E., Mathers, C. D., Li, G., Foreman, K., & Ezzati, M. (2017). Future life expectancy in 35 industrialised countries: projections with a bayesian model ensemble. The Lancet, 389 (10076), 1323–1335. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32381-9
Lee, M., & Damhorst, M. L. (2019). Women’s body image throughout the adult life span: A latent growth modeling approach. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 91 (3), 317–339. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091415019871206
Lee, M., & Lee, H. H. (2019a). A test of the expanded tripartite dual pathway model in physically active
Korean men. Sex Roles, 82, 743–753. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-019-01082-4
Lee, M., & Lee, H. H. (2019b). Objective versus subjective comparisons of body size against thin media models, media pressures, internalization, and body satisfaction. The Social Science Journal, 57 (3), 260–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2019.01.004
Liechty, T., & Yarnal, C. M. (2010). Older women’s body image: A lifecourse perspective. Ageing & Society, 30 (7), 1197–1218. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X10000346
Madanat, H. N., Brown, R. B., & Hawks, S. (2007). The impact of body mass index and Western advertising and media on eating style, body image and nutrition transition among Jordanian women. Public Health Nutrition, 10 (10), 1039–1046. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980007666713
Montemurro, B., & Gillen, M. M. (2013). Wrinkles and sagging flesh: Exploring transformations in women’s sexual body image. Journal of Women and Aging, 25 (1), 3–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/08952841.2012.720179
Noh, J. W., Kwon, Y. D., Yang, Y., Cheon, J., & Kim, J. (2018). Relationship between body image and weight status in east Asian countries: Comparison between South Korea and Taiwan. BMC Public Health, 18, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5738-5
Nunnally, J. (1978). Psychometric theory. McGraw-Hill.
Ogden, J., & Arulgnanaseelan, J. (2017). Medically managing obesity: Offering hope or a disincentive to change? Patient Education and Counseling, 100 (1), 93–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2016.08.016
Park, S. I., Cho, Y. G., Kang, J. H., Park, H. A., Kim, K. W., Hur, Y. I., & Kang, H. J. (2013). Sociodemographic
characteristics of underweight Korean adults. Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 20072010. Korean Journal of Family Medicine, 34 (6), 385–392. https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.2013.34.6.385
Radwan, H., Hasan, H. A., Ismat, H., Hakim, H., Khalid, H., Al-Fityani, L., Mohammed, R., & Ayman, A. (2019). Body mass index perception, body image dissatisfaction and their relations with weight-related behaviors among university students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16 (9), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16091541
Robinson, E. (2017). Overweight but unseen: A review of the underestimation of weight status and a visual normalization theory. Obesity Reviews, 18 (10), 1200–1209. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12570
Rodríguez-Hernández, G. (2019). The eudemonic and hedonic role of happiness in a population with high levels of life satisfaction [El rol eudemónico y hedónico de la felicidad en una población con altos niveles de satisfacción con la vida]. International Journal of Social Psychology, 34 (2), 230–255. https://doi.org/10.1080/02134748.2019.1576323
Savin, N. E., & White, K. J. (1977). The Durbin-Watson test for serial correlation with extreme sample sizes or many regressors. Econometrica, 45 (8), 1989–1996. https://doi.org/10.2307/1914122
Sonneville, K. R., Thurston, I. B., Milliren, C. E., Kamody, R. C., Gooding, H. C., & Richmond, T. K. (2016). Helpful or harmful? Prospective association between weight misperception and weight gain among overweight and obese adolescents and young adults. International Journal of Obesity, 40, 328–332. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2015.166
Stommel, M., & Schoenborn, C. A. (2010). Variations in BMI and prevalence of health risks in diverse racial and ethnic populations. Obesity, 18 (9), 1821–1826. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2009.472
Tiggemann, M., & McCourt, A. (2013). Body appreciation in adult women: Relationships with age and body satisfaction. Body Image, 10 (4), 624–627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2013.07.003
Tylka, T. L., & Wood-Barcalow, N. L. (2015). What is and what is not positive body image? Conceptual foundations and construct definition. Body Image, 14, 118–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.04.001
Tylka, T. (2018). Overview of the field of positive body image. In E. Daniels, M. Gillen, & C. Markey (Eds.), Body positive: Understanding and improving body image in science and practice (pp. 6–33). Cambridge University Press.
Yu, H., & Lee, M. (2019). The effects of perceived ageism and appearance satisfaction on appearance related quality of life among Korean older women. Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles, 43 (1), 112–124. https://doi.org/10.5850/JKSCT.2019.43.1.112
Bakhshi, S. (2011). Women’s body image and the role of culture: A review of the literature. Europe’s
Journal of Psychology, 7 (2), 374–394. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v7i2.135
Bibiloni, M., Coll, J. L., Pich, J., Pons, A., & Tur, J. A. (2017). Body image satisfaction and weight concerns among a Mediterranean adult population. BMC Public Health, 17, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3919-7
Bradbury, K. E., Guo, W., Cairns, B. J., Armstrong, M. E. G., & Key, T. J. (2017). Association between physical activity and body fat percentage, with adjustment for BMI: A large crosssectional analysis of UK Biobank. BMJ Open, 7, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016011843
Chen, W., Hua, M., Yu, S., Wang, X., & Ulrich, D. (2017). Association of positive psychological wellbeing and BMI with physical and mental health among college students. Journal of Scientific & Technical Research, 1 (4), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.26717/BJSTR.2017.01.000370
Chrisler, J. C., Barney, A., & Palatino, B. (2016). Ageism can be hazardous to women’s health: Ageism, sexism, and stereotypes of older women in the healthcare system. Journal of Social Issues, 72 (1), 86–104. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12157
Clarke, C. L., Sniehotta, F. F., Vadiveloo, T., Argo, I. S., Donnan, P. T., McMurdo, M. E. T., & Wrtham, M. D. (2017). Factors associated with change in objectively measured physical activity in older peopledata from the physical activity cohort Scotland study. BMC Geriatrics, 17, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-017-0578-1
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Routledge.
de Wit, L. M., Straten, A., Herten, M., Penninx, B. W. J. H., & Cuijpers, P. (2009). Depression and body mass index, a u-shaped association. BMC Public Health, 9, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-9-14
Elder, G. H., Jr., Johnson, M. K., & Crosnoe, R. (2003). The emergence and development of life course theory. In J. T. Mortimer & M. J. Shanahan (Eds.), Handbook of the life course (pp. 3–19). Kluwer Academic/Plenum.
Gillen, M. M. (2015). Associations between positive body image and indicators of men’s and women’s mental and physical health. Body Image, 13, 67–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.01.002
Green, S. B. (1991). How many subjects does it take to do a regression analysis. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 26, 499–510. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr2603_7
Hair, J. F., Jr., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis (7th ed.) Prentice-Hall.
Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Press.
Homan, K. J. (2016). Factor structure and psychometric properties of a state version of the Body Appreciation Scale-2. Body Image, 19, 204–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.10.004
Jang, H. Y., Ahn, J. W., & Jeon, M. K. (2018). Factors affecting body image discordance amongst
korean adults aged 19–34 years. Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives, 9 (4), 197–206.
Karazsia, B. T., Murnen, S. K., & Tylka, T. L. (2017). Is body dissatisfaction changing across time? A cross-temporal meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 143 (3), 293–320. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000081
Kim, D. S., Kim, H. S., Cho, Y., & Cho, S. I. (2008). The effects of actual and perceived body weight on unhealthy weight control behaviors and depressed mood among adult women in Seoul, Korea. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, 41 (5), 323–330. https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.2008.41.5.323
Kim, M. J., Lee, C. K., G., K. W., & Kim, J. M. (2013). Relationships between lifestyle of health and sustainability
and healthy food choices for seniors. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 25 (4), 558–576. https://doi.org/10.1108/09596111311322925
Kline, R. B. (2010). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). Guilford Press.
Kontis, V., Bennett, J. E., Mathers, C. D., Li, G., Foreman, K., & Ezzati, M. (2017). Future life expectancy in 35 industrialised countries: projections with a bayesian model ensemble. The Lancet, 389 (10076), 1323–1335. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32381-9
Lee, M., & Damhorst, M. L. (2019). Women’s body image throughout the adult life span: A latent growth modeling approach. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 91 (3), 317–339. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091415019871206
Lee, M., & Lee, H. H. (2019a). A test of the expanded tripartite dual pathway model in physically active
Korean men. Sex Roles, 82, 743–753. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-019-01082-4
Lee, M., & Lee, H. H. (2019b). Objective versus subjective comparisons of body size against thin media models, media pressures, internalization, and body satisfaction. The Social Science Journal, 57 (3), 260–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2019.01.004
Liechty, T., & Yarnal, C. M. (2010). Older women’s body image: A lifecourse perspective. Ageing & Society, 30 (7), 1197–1218. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X10000346
Madanat, H. N., Brown, R. B., & Hawks, S. (2007). The impact of body mass index and Western advertising and media on eating style, body image and nutrition transition among Jordanian women. Public Health Nutrition, 10 (10), 1039–1046. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980007666713
Montemurro, B., & Gillen, M. M. (2013). Wrinkles and sagging flesh: Exploring transformations in women’s sexual body image. Journal of Women and Aging, 25 (1), 3–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/08952841.2012.720179
Noh, J. W., Kwon, Y. D., Yang, Y., Cheon, J., & Kim, J. (2018). Relationship between body image and weight status in east Asian countries: Comparison between South Korea and Taiwan. BMC Public Health, 18, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5738-5
Nunnally, J. (1978). Psychometric theory. McGraw-Hill.
Ogden, J., & Arulgnanaseelan, J. (2017). Medically managing obesity: Offering hope or a disincentive to change? Patient Education and Counseling, 100 (1), 93–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2016.08.016
Park, S. I., Cho, Y. G., Kang, J. H., Park, H. A., Kim, K. W., Hur, Y. I., & Kang, H. J. (2013). Sociodemographic
characteristics of underweight Korean adults. Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 20072010. Korean Journal of Family Medicine, 34 (6), 385–392. https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.2013.34.6.385
Radwan, H., Hasan, H. A., Ismat, H., Hakim, H., Khalid, H., Al-Fityani, L., Mohammed, R., & Ayman, A. (2019). Body mass index perception, body image dissatisfaction and their relations with weight-related behaviors among university students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16 (9), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16091541
Robinson, E. (2017). Overweight but unseen: A review of the underestimation of weight status and a visual normalization theory. Obesity Reviews, 18 (10), 1200–1209. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12570
Rodríguez-Hernández, G. (2019). The eudemonic and hedonic role of happiness in a population with high levels of life satisfaction [El rol eudemónico y hedónico de la felicidad en una población con altos niveles de satisfacción con la vida]. International Journal of Social Psychology, 34 (2), 230–255. https://doi.org/10.1080/02134748.2019.1576323
Savin, N. E., & White, K. J. (1977). The Durbin-Watson test for serial correlation with extreme sample sizes or many regressors. Econometrica, 45 (8), 1989–1996. https://doi.org/10.2307/1914122
Sonneville, K. R., Thurston, I. B., Milliren, C. E., Kamody, R. C., Gooding, H. C., & Richmond, T. K. (2016). Helpful or harmful? Prospective association between weight misperception and weight gain among overweight and obese adolescents and young adults. International Journal of Obesity, 40, 328–332. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2015.166
Stommel, M., & Schoenborn, C. A. (2010). Variations in BMI and prevalence of health risks in diverse racial and ethnic populations. Obesity, 18 (9), 1821–1826. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2009.472
Tiggemann, M., & McCourt, A. (2013). Body appreciation in adult women: Relationships with age and body satisfaction. Body Image, 10 (4), 624–627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2013.07.003
Tylka, T. L., & Wood-Barcalow, N. L. (2015). What is and what is not positive body image? Conceptual foundations and construct definition. Body Image, 14, 118–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.04.001
Tylka, T. (2018). Overview of the field of positive body image. In E. Daniels, M. Gillen, & C. Markey (Eds.), Body positive: Understanding and improving body image in science and practice (pp. 6–33). Cambridge University Press.
Yu, H., & Lee, M. (2019). The effects of perceived ageism and appearance satisfaction on appearance related quality of life among Korean older women. Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles, 43 (1), 112–124. https://doi.org/10.5850/JKSCT.2019.43.1.112
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