Validation of a Bullying Scale in Peruvian Adolescents and Gender-Specific Differences
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Jhon Alex Zeladita-Huaman
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Roberto Zegarra-Chapoñán
Juana Matilde Cuba-Sancho
Henry Castillo-Parra
Victor Humberto Chero-Pacheco
Gladys Ivonne Morán-Paredes
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Zeladita-Huaman, J. A., Zegarra-Chapoñán, R., Cuba-Sancho, J. M., Castillo-Parra, H., Chero-Pacheco, V. H., & Morán-Paredes, G. I. (2022). Validation of a Bullying Scale in Peruvian Adolescents and Gender-Specific Differences. International Journal of Psychological Research, 15(2), 105–113. https://doi.org/10.21500/20112084.5522
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To give up copyright, the authors allow that, International Journal of Psychological Research, distribute the work more broadly, check for the reuse by others and take care of the necessary procedures for the registration and administration of copyright; at the same time, our editorial board represents the interests of the author and allows authors to re-use his work in various forms. In response to the above, authors transfer copyright to the journal, International Journal of Psychological Research. This transfer does not imply other rights which are not those of authorship (for example those that concern about patents). Likewise, preserves the authors rights to use the work integral or partially in lectures, books and courses, as well as make copies for educational purposes. Finally, the authors may use freely the tables and figures in its future work, wherever make explicit reference to the previous publication in International Journal of Psychological Research. The assignment of copyright includes both virtual rights and forms of the article to allow the editorial to disseminate the work in the manner which it deems appropriate.
The editorial board reserves the right of amendments deemed necessary in the application of the rules of publication.
Abstract
The objective of the study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the European Bullying Intervention Project Questionnaire (EBIPQ) in Peruvian adolescents and to determine gender-specific differences. The sample comprised 532 students in sixth grade of elementary school to third grade of high school. To validate the instrument, we requested an expert judgement and conducted a pilot test. Subsequently, we performed the exploratory factorial analysis, which showed that all the questions were correctly loaded in both components, an aspect that explained the 48.6% variance. We determined the reliability by means of the internal-consistency method using the Cronbach’s alfa (αtotal = 0.856; αvictimization = 0.807; αaggression = 0.828). We found gender-specific differences in bullying roles (p < 0.001). In conclusion, the factorial structure of the EBIPQ in Peruvian adolescents is similar to the original questionnaire and presents high reliability and construct validity.
References
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de Vet, H., Terwee, C., Mokkink, L., & Knol, D. (2011). Measurement in medicine: A practical guide. Cambridge University Press.
Feijóo, S., O’Higgins Norman, J., Foody, M., Pichel, R., Braña, T., Varela, J., & Rial, A. (2021). Sex differences in adolescent bullying behaviours. Psychosocial Intervention, 30 (2), 95–100. https://doi.org/10.5093/pi2021a1
Gaete, J., Valenzuela, D., Godoy, M., Rojas Barahona, C., Salmivalli, C., & Araya, R. (2021). Validation of the Revised Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire (OBVQ-R) Among adolescents in Chile. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.578661
García, R., Palomares, A., & Cebrián, A. (2020). Diseño y validación de un instrumento para evaluar el acoso escolar al término de la Educación Primaria. REOP - Revista Española de Orientación y Psicopedagogía, 31 (2), 78–96. https://doi.org/10.5944/reop.vol.31.num.2.2020.27987
Gascón Cánovas, J. J., Leon, J., Cózar Fernandez, A., & Heredia Calzado, J. M. (2017). Cultural adaptation to Spanish and assessment of an Adolescent Peer Relationships Tool for detecting school bullying: Preliminary study of the psychometric properties. Anales de Pediatría, 87 (1), 9–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anpedi.2015.12.003
González Laguna, M. V., & Arrimada García, M. (2021). A comparative analysis of bullying assessment instruments. Papeles del Psicólogo, 42 (3), 222–229. https://doi.org/10.23923/pap.psicol.2965
Han, L., You, D., Gao, X., Duan, S., Hu, G., Wang, H., Liu, S., & Zeng, F. (2019). Unintentional injuries and violence among adolescents aged 1215 years in 68 low-income and middle-income countries: A secondary analysis of data from the Global School-Based Student Health Survey. The Lancet. Child & Adolescent Health, 3 (9), 616–626. https://doi.org/10.1016/S23524642(19)30195-6
Herrera López, M., Romera, E., & Ortega Ruiz, R. (2017). Bullying and cyberbullying in colombia; co-occurrence in school adolescents. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicologia, 49 (3), 163–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rlp.2016.08.001
Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. (2020). Encuesta Nacional sobre Relaciones Sociales ENARES 2019: Principales Resultados. INEI. https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/boletines/presentacion_enares_2019.pdf
Kennedy, R. S. (2020). A meta-analysis of the outcomes of bullying prevention programs on subtypes of traditional bullying victimization: Verbal, relational, and physical. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 55, 101485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2020.101485
Lawshe, C. H. (1975). A quantitative approach to content validity. Personnel Psychology, 28, 563–575. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1975.tb01393.x
López, V., & Orpinas, P. (2012). The aggression and victimization scales: Validation and prevalence in chilean students. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 44 (2), 109–124. http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/rlps/v44n2/v44n2a10.pdf
Martínez, J., Rodríguez-Hidalgo, A. J., & Zych, I. (2020). Bullying and Cyberbullying in Adolescents from Disadvantaged Areas: Validation of Questionnaires; Prevalence Rates; and Relationship to Self-Esteem, Empathy and Social Skills. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17 (17). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176199
Menéndez Santurio, J., Fernández Río, J., Cecchini Estrada, J., & González Víllora, S. (2021). Acoso escolar, necesidades psicológicas básicas, responsabilidad y satisfacción con la vida: Relaciones y perfiles en adolescentes. Anales de Psicología, 37 (1), 133–141. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.414191
Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura. (2019a). Acoso y violencia escolar. UNESCO.
Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura. (2019b). Behind the Numbers: Ending School Violence and Bullying. UNESCO.
Ortega Ruiz, R., Del Rey, R., & Casas, J. (2016). Assessing bullying and cyberbullying: Spanish validation of EBIPQ and ECIPQ. Psicología Educativa, 22 (1), 71–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pse.2016.01.004
Patiño Masó, J., Gras, M. E., Salamó Avellaneda, A., Arboix Perejamo, M., & Font Mayolas, S. (2021). Acoso escolar en estudiantes de secundaria: Consumo de alcohol, percepción de salud y calidad de las relaciones familiares en agresores y/o víctimas. Health and Addictions, 21 (1), 76–90. https://doi.org/10.21134/haaj.v21i1.515
R Core Team. (2020). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org
Rodrigues Reis e Silva, G., Carvalho de Lima, M. L., Lins Acioli, R. M., & Barreira, A. K. (2020). Prevalence and factors associated with bullying: Differences between the roles of bullies and victims of bullying. Jornal de Pediatria, 96 (6), 693–701. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2019.09.005
Rodrigues Veloso, V., Barbosa de Sousa Costa, F., Cronemberger de Arruda Marques, C., Ximenes Andrade, J., Soares Miranda, C. E., & Saraiva dos Reis Moreira Araújo, R. (2020). Vitimização por bullying e fatores associados em estudantes brasileiros com idade de 13 a 17 anos: Estudo populacional. Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia, 23. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980549720200097
Rodríguez Hidalgo, A., Calmaestra, J., Casas, J., & Ortega Ruiz, R. (2019). Ethnic-Cultural Bullying Versus Personal Bullying: Specificity and Measurement of Discriminatory Aggression and Victimization Among Adolescents. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00046
Romo, M. L., & Kelvin, E. A. (2016). Impact of bullying victimization on suicide and negative health behaviors among adolescents in latin america. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública, 40 (5), 347–355
Sandoval Ato, R., Vilela Estrada, M. A., Mejia, C. R., & Caballero Alvarado, J. (2018). Riesgo suicida asociado a bullying y depresión en escolares de secundaria. Revista Chilena de Pediatría, 89 (2), 208–215. https://doi.org/10.4067/S037041062018000200208
Sepúlveda, F. M., & Padilla, C. M. (2009). Propiedades psicométricas preliminares de la escala de violencia entre pares en estudiantes secundarios chilenos. Acta Colombiana de Psicología, 12 (2), 59–67.
Silva Villarreal, S., Castillo, S., Eskildsen, E., Vidal, P., Mitre, J., & Quintero, J. (2013). Prevalencia de bullying en estudiantes de los ciclos básicos y preclínicos de la carrera de medicina de la universidad de panamá. Archivos de medicina, 9 (4).
Solar Armas, M. A., Gutiérrez Crespo, H., & Ruiz Arias, R. A. (2019). Factores asociados a la presencia de bullying en estudiantes de educación secundaria de un colegio estatal en el distrito El Porvenir, Perú. Revista Internacional de Salud Materno Fetal, 4 (1), 10–21.
Thornberg, R., Wänström, L., & Jungert, T. (2018). Authoritative classroom climate and its relations to bullying victimization and bystander behaviors. School Psychology International, 39 (6), 663–680. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0143034318809762
Tristán, A. (2008). Modificación al modelo de lawshe para el dictamen cuantitativo de la validez de contenido de un instrumento objetivo. Avances en medición, 6 (1), 37–48.
Varela, J. J., Sánchez, P. A., González, C., Oriol, X., Valenzuela, P., & Cabrera, T. (2021). Subjective well-being, bullying, and school climate among Chilean adolescents over time. School Mental Health, 13 (3), 616–630. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-021-09442-w
Vera Giraldo, C. Y., Vélez, C. M., & García García, H. I. (2017). Medición del bullying escolar: Inventario de instrumentos disponibles en idioma español. PSIENCIA. Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencia Psicológica, 9 (1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-021-09442-w
Yang, C., Sharkey, J. D., Reed, L. A., Chen, C., & Dowdy, E. (2018). Bullying victimization and student engagement in elementary, middle, and high schools: Moderating role of school climate. School Psychology Quarterly, 33 (1), 54–64. https://doi.org/10.1037/spq0000250
Zegarra Chapoñan, R., Cuba Sancho, J., Castillo Parra, H., Moran Paredes, G., & Zeladita Huaman, J. A. (2022). Knowledge about School Bullying Reporting Systems and the Type of Intervention of the Adolescent Witness. Revista Cubana de Enfermería, 38 (1). http://revenfermeria.sld.cu/index.php/enf/article/view/4221/816
Zeladita Huamán, J. A., Montes Iturrizaga, I., Moran Paredes, G. I., Zegarra Chapoñan, R., CubaSancho, J. M., & Aparco, J. P. (2020). Factors associated with attitudes towards violence in schoolchildren from marginal urban areas of Metropolitan Lima, 2019. Revista Peruana de Medicina Experimental y Salud Publica, 37 (4), 627–635. https://doi.org/10.17843/rpmesp.2020.374.5154
Björkqvist, K. (2018). Gender differences in aggression. Current Opinion in Psychology, 19, 39–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.03.030
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) Overview. https://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/data/yrbs/overview.htm
Chester, K. L., Callaghan, M., Cosma, A., Donnelly, P., Craig, W., Walsh, S., & Molcho, M. (2015). Cross-national time trends in bullying victimization in 33 countries among children aged 11, 13 and 15 from 2002 to 2010. European Journal of Public Health, 25 (suppl_2), 61–64. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckv029
Cornell, D., Gregory, A., Huang, F., & Fan, X. (2013). Perceived prevalence of teasing and bullying predicts high school dropout rates. Journal of Educational Psychology, 105 (1), 138–149. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030416
de Vet, H., Terwee, C., Mokkink, L., & Knol, D. (2011). Measurement in medicine: A practical guide. Cambridge University Press.
Feijóo, S., O’Higgins Norman, J., Foody, M., Pichel, R., Braña, T., Varela, J., & Rial, A. (2021). Sex differences in adolescent bullying behaviours. Psychosocial Intervention, 30 (2), 95–100. https://doi.org/10.5093/pi2021a1
Gaete, J., Valenzuela, D., Godoy, M., Rojas Barahona, C., Salmivalli, C., & Araya, R. (2021). Validation of the Revised Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire (OBVQ-R) Among adolescents in Chile. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.578661
García, R., Palomares, A., & Cebrián, A. (2020). Diseño y validación de un instrumento para evaluar el acoso escolar al término de la Educación Primaria. REOP - Revista Española de Orientación y Psicopedagogía, 31 (2), 78–96. https://doi.org/10.5944/reop.vol.31.num.2.2020.27987
Gascón Cánovas, J. J., Leon, J., Cózar Fernandez, A., & Heredia Calzado, J. M. (2017). Cultural adaptation to Spanish and assessment of an Adolescent Peer Relationships Tool for detecting school bullying: Preliminary study of the psychometric properties. Anales de Pediatría, 87 (1), 9–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anpedi.2015.12.003
González Laguna, M. V., & Arrimada García, M. (2021). A comparative analysis of bullying assessment instruments. Papeles del Psicólogo, 42 (3), 222–229. https://doi.org/10.23923/pap.psicol.2965
Han, L., You, D., Gao, X., Duan, S., Hu, G., Wang, H., Liu, S., & Zeng, F. (2019). Unintentional injuries and violence among adolescents aged 1215 years in 68 low-income and middle-income countries: A secondary analysis of data from the Global School-Based Student Health Survey. The Lancet. Child & Adolescent Health, 3 (9), 616–626. https://doi.org/10.1016/S23524642(19)30195-6
Herrera López, M., Romera, E., & Ortega Ruiz, R. (2017). Bullying and cyberbullying in colombia; co-occurrence in school adolescents. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicologia, 49 (3), 163–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rlp.2016.08.001
Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. (2020). Encuesta Nacional sobre Relaciones Sociales ENARES 2019: Principales Resultados. INEI. https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/boletines/presentacion_enares_2019.pdf
Kennedy, R. S. (2020). A meta-analysis of the outcomes of bullying prevention programs on subtypes of traditional bullying victimization: Verbal, relational, and physical. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 55, 101485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2020.101485
Lawshe, C. H. (1975). A quantitative approach to content validity. Personnel Psychology, 28, 563–575. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1975.tb01393.x
López, V., & Orpinas, P. (2012). The aggression and victimization scales: Validation and prevalence in chilean students. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 44 (2), 109–124. http://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/rlps/v44n2/v44n2a10.pdf
Martínez, J., Rodríguez-Hidalgo, A. J., & Zych, I. (2020). Bullying and Cyberbullying in Adolescents from Disadvantaged Areas: Validation of Questionnaires; Prevalence Rates; and Relationship to Self-Esteem, Empathy and Social Skills. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17 (17). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176199
Menéndez Santurio, J., Fernández Río, J., Cecchini Estrada, J., & González Víllora, S. (2021). Acoso escolar, necesidades psicológicas básicas, responsabilidad y satisfacción con la vida: Relaciones y perfiles en adolescentes. Anales de Psicología, 37 (1), 133–141. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.414191
Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura. (2019a). Acoso y violencia escolar. UNESCO.
Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura. (2019b). Behind the Numbers: Ending School Violence and Bullying. UNESCO.
Ortega Ruiz, R., Del Rey, R., & Casas, J. (2016). Assessing bullying and cyberbullying: Spanish validation of EBIPQ and ECIPQ. Psicología Educativa, 22 (1), 71–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pse.2016.01.004
Patiño Masó, J., Gras, M. E., Salamó Avellaneda, A., Arboix Perejamo, M., & Font Mayolas, S. (2021). Acoso escolar en estudiantes de secundaria: Consumo de alcohol, percepción de salud y calidad de las relaciones familiares en agresores y/o víctimas. Health and Addictions, 21 (1), 76–90. https://doi.org/10.21134/haaj.v21i1.515
R Core Team. (2020). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org
Rodrigues Reis e Silva, G., Carvalho de Lima, M. L., Lins Acioli, R. M., & Barreira, A. K. (2020). Prevalence and factors associated with bullying: Differences between the roles of bullies and victims of bullying. Jornal de Pediatria, 96 (6), 693–701. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2019.09.005
Rodrigues Veloso, V., Barbosa de Sousa Costa, F., Cronemberger de Arruda Marques, C., Ximenes Andrade, J., Soares Miranda, C. E., & Saraiva dos Reis Moreira Araújo, R. (2020). Vitimização por bullying e fatores associados em estudantes brasileiros com idade de 13 a 17 anos: Estudo populacional. Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia, 23. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980549720200097
Rodríguez Hidalgo, A., Calmaestra, J., Casas, J., & Ortega Ruiz, R. (2019). Ethnic-Cultural Bullying Versus Personal Bullying: Specificity and Measurement of Discriminatory Aggression and Victimization Among Adolescents. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00046
Romo, M. L., & Kelvin, E. A. (2016). Impact of bullying victimization on suicide and negative health behaviors among adolescents in latin america. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública, 40 (5), 347–355
Sandoval Ato, R., Vilela Estrada, M. A., Mejia, C. R., & Caballero Alvarado, J. (2018). Riesgo suicida asociado a bullying y depresión en escolares de secundaria. Revista Chilena de Pediatría, 89 (2), 208–215. https://doi.org/10.4067/S037041062018000200208
Sepúlveda, F. M., & Padilla, C. M. (2009). Propiedades psicométricas preliminares de la escala de violencia entre pares en estudiantes secundarios chilenos. Acta Colombiana de Psicología, 12 (2), 59–67.
Silva Villarreal, S., Castillo, S., Eskildsen, E., Vidal, P., Mitre, J., & Quintero, J. (2013). Prevalencia de bullying en estudiantes de los ciclos básicos y preclínicos de la carrera de medicina de la universidad de panamá. Archivos de medicina, 9 (4).
Solar Armas, M. A., Gutiérrez Crespo, H., & Ruiz Arias, R. A. (2019). Factores asociados a la presencia de bullying en estudiantes de educación secundaria de un colegio estatal en el distrito El Porvenir, Perú. Revista Internacional de Salud Materno Fetal, 4 (1), 10–21.
Thornberg, R., Wänström, L., & Jungert, T. (2018). Authoritative classroom climate and its relations to bullying victimization and bystander behaviors. School Psychology International, 39 (6), 663–680. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0143034318809762
Tristán, A. (2008). Modificación al modelo de lawshe para el dictamen cuantitativo de la validez de contenido de un instrumento objetivo. Avances en medición, 6 (1), 37–48.
Varela, J. J., Sánchez, P. A., González, C., Oriol, X., Valenzuela, P., & Cabrera, T. (2021). Subjective well-being, bullying, and school climate among Chilean adolescents over time. School Mental Health, 13 (3), 616–630. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-021-09442-w
Vera Giraldo, C. Y., Vélez, C. M., & García García, H. I. (2017). Medición del bullying escolar: Inventario de instrumentos disponibles en idioma español. PSIENCIA. Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencia Psicológica, 9 (1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-021-09442-w
Yang, C., Sharkey, J. D., Reed, L. A., Chen, C., & Dowdy, E. (2018). Bullying victimization and student engagement in elementary, middle, and high schools: Moderating role of school climate. School Psychology Quarterly, 33 (1), 54–64. https://doi.org/10.1037/spq0000250
Zegarra Chapoñan, R., Cuba Sancho, J., Castillo Parra, H., Moran Paredes, G., & Zeladita Huaman, J. A. (2022). Knowledge about School Bullying Reporting Systems and the Type of Intervention of the Adolescent Witness. Revista Cubana de Enfermería, 38 (1). http://revenfermeria.sld.cu/index.php/enf/article/view/4221/816
Zeladita Huamán, J. A., Montes Iturrizaga, I., Moran Paredes, G. I., Zegarra Chapoñan, R., CubaSancho, J. M., & Aparco, J. P. (2020). Factors associated with attitudes towards violence in schoolchildren from marginal urban areas of Metropolitan Lima, 2019. Revista Peruana de Medicina Experimental y Salud Publica, 37 (4), 627–635. https://doi.org/10.17843/rpmesp.2020.374.5154
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