Validity and Internal Consistency of a Spanish Version of the Cognitive Flexibility Scale (CFS)
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López, M. B., Arán Filippetti, V., & Krumm, G. L. (2024). Validity and Internal Consistency of a Spanish Version of the Cognitive Flexibility Scale (CFS). International Journal of Psychological Research, 17(1), 53–62. https://doi.org/10.21500/20112084.6106
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The editorial board reserves the right of amendments deemed necessary in the application of the rules of publication.
To give up copyright, the authors allow that, International Journal of Psychological Research, distribute the work more broadly, check for the reuse by others and take care of the necessary procedures for the registration and administration of copyright; at the same time, our editorial board represents the interests of the author and allows authors to re-use his work in various forms. In response to the above, authors transfer copyright to the journal, International Journal of Psychological Research. This transfer does not imply other rights which are not those of authorship (for example those that concern about patents). Likewise, preserves the authors rights to use the work integral or partially in lectures, books and courses, as well as make copies for educational purposes. Finally, the authors may use freely the tables and figures in its future work, wherever make explicit reference to the previous publication in International Journal of Psychological Research. The assignment of copyright includes both virtual rights and forms of the article to allow the editorial to disseminate the work in the manner which it deems appropriate.
The editorial board reserves the right of amendments deemed necessary in the application of the rules of publication.
Abstract
Objective. This study presents a Spanish version of the Cognitive Flexibility Scale (CFS), a subjective and brief instrument to measure Cognitive Flexibility (CF), and analyzes its psychometric characteristics. Method.
The items of the scale’s original version were adapted to Spanish. An interview containing the adapted version of the CFS, the Adult Executive Functioning Inventory (ADEXI), the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI), and sociodemographic data, was administered to an intentional sample of 369 Argentine adults, aged between 18 and 60, through an online platform. Results. The CFS’s internal consistency was high (α = .813). A two-factor model, Strengths and Difficulties in CF, showed the best fit
for the data. The CFS shows a negative correlation with the executive deficit and a positive correlations with empathy dimensions. Discussion. The Spanish-adapted version of the CFS shows satisfactory psychometric properties in the Argentine adult population.
Keywords:
References
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Holst, Y., & Thorell, L. B. (2018). Adult executive functioning inventory (ADEXI): Validity, reliability, and relations to ADHD. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 27, e1567. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.1567
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Johnco, C., Wuthrich, V. M., & Rapee, R. M. (2014). Re-liability and validity of two self-report measuresof cognitive flexibility.Psychological assessment,26(4), 1381.
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López, M. B., Arán Filippetti, V., & Richaud, M. C. (2021). Adult Executive Functioning Inventory (ADEXI): Factor structure, convergent validity, and reliability of a Spanish adaptation. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2021.1880408
Luria, A. R. (1966). Higher cortical functions in man. Basic Books.
Martin, M. M., & Anderson, C. M. (1998). The cognitive flexibility scale: Three validity studies. Communication Reports, 11(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/08934219809367680
Martin, M. M., & Rubin, R. B. (1995). A new measure of cognitive flexibility. Psychological reports, 76(2), 623-626. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1995.76.2.623
Mestre Escrivá, V., Frías Navarro, M. D., & Samper García, P. (2004). La medida de empatía: análisis del Interpersonal Reactivity Index. Psicothema, 255-260.
Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki,A. H., Howerter, A., & Wager, T. D. (2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “frontal lobe” tasks: a latent variable analysis.Cognitive psychology,41(1), 49–100.
Montero, I., & León, O. G. (2007). A guide for research studies in Psychology.International Journal of Clinical and Health psychology,7(3),847–862.
Navarro, M. C., Quiroz Molinares, N., & Mebarak, M.(2022). Psychometric Study of the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory in a Colombian Sample.International Journal of Psychological Research,15(1), 42–54.
Osgood, C., Suci, G., Tannenbaum, P. (1957): The measurement of meaning. University of Illinois Press.
Stuss, D. T. & Benson, D. F. (1986). The frontal lobes. Raven Press.
Oshiro, K., Nagaoka, S., & Shimizu, E. (2016). Development and validation of the Japanese version of cognitive flexibility scale.BMC research notes,9, 1–8.https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-016-2070-y
Regard, M., Strauss, E., & Knapp, P. (1982). Children’s production on verbal and non-verbal communication tasks. Perceptual and motor skills,55(3), 839–844.
Reitan, R. M., & Wolfson, D. (1993).The Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery: Theory and Clinical Interpretation.2nd edn. Neuropsychology Press, Tuscon, AZ.
Stuss, D. T., & Benson, D. F. (1986).The frontal lobes.Raven Press
Akaike, H. (1987). Factor analysis and AIC.Psychome-trika,52, 317–332.
Arán Filippetti, V., & Krumm, G. (2020). A hierarchical model of cognitive flexibility in children: Ex-tending the relationship between flexibility, creativity, and academic achievement.Child Neuropsychology,26(6), 770–800.https://doi.org/10.1080/09297049.2019.1711034
Arbuckle, J. L. (2007).Amos 16.0 user’s guide. AmosDevelopment Corporation.
Barkley, R. A., & Fischer, M. (2011). Predicting impairment in major life activities and occupational functioning in hyperactive children as adults: Self‐reported executive function (EF) deficits versus EF tests. Developmental Neuropsychology, 36(2), 137–161. https://doi.org/10.1080/87565641.2010.549877
Barkley, R. A., & Murphy, K. R. (2011). The nature of executive function (EF) deficits in daily life activities in adults with ADHD and their relationship to EF tests. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 33(2), 137–158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862‐011‐9217‐x
Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(3), 588. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588
Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 238. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238
Bilgin, M. (2009). Developing a cognitive flexibility scale: Validity and reliability studies. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 37(3), 343-353. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2009.37.3.343
Bollen, K. A. (1989). A new incremental fit index for general structural equation models. Sociological methods & research, 17(3), 303-316. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124189017003004
Carroll, D. J., Blakey, E., & FitzGibbon, L. (2016). Cognitive flexibility in young children: Beyond perseveration. Child Development Perspectives,10(4),211–215.
Çelikkaleli, Ö. (2014). The Validity and Reliability of the Cognitive Flexibility Scale.Education & Science/Egitim ve Bilim,39(176).
Dajani, D. R., & Uddin, L. Q. (2015). Demystifying cognitive flexibility: Implications for clinical and developmental neuroscience.Trends in neuro-sciences,38(9), 571–578.
Dennis, J. P., Vander Wal, J. S. (2010). The Cognitive Flexibility Inventory: Instrument Development and Estimates of Reliability and Validity. Cognitive Therapy and Research 34, 241–253 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-009-9276-4
Dennis, J. P. (2007). The Relationship Between Life Event Stress, Cognitive Flexibility, Coping, and Depression: A Longitudinal Study (Doctoral dissertation, Saint Louis University).
Hartman, M., Bolton, E., & Fehnel, S. E. (2001). Ac-countingforagedifferencesontheWisconsinCardSorting Test: decreased working memory, not in-flexibility.Psychology and aging,16(3), 385.
Hayes, A. F., & Coutts, J. J. (2020). Use omega rather than Cronbach’s alpha for estimating reliability. But...Communication Methods and Measures,14(1), 1–24.https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2020.1718629
Heaton, R. K., Chelune, G. J., Talley, J. L., Kay, G. G., & Curtiss, G. (1993). Wisconsin Card Sorting Test manual. Psychological Assessment Resources.
Hernández, A., Hidalgo, M. D., Hambleton, R. K., &Gómez Benito, J. (2020). International test com-mission guidelines for test adaptation: A crite-rion checklist.Psicothema,32(3), 390–398.https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2019.306
Holst, Y., & Thorell, L. B. (2018). Adult executive functioning inventory (ADEXI): Validity, reliability, and relations to ADHD. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 27, e1567. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.1567
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1995). Evaluating model fit. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications (pp. 76–99). SAGE.
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6, 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
Johnco, C., Wuthrich, V. M., & Rapee, R. M. (2014). Re-liability and validity of two self-report measuresof cognitive flexibility.Psychological assessment,26(4), 1381.
López, M. B., Arán Filippetti, V., & Richaud, M. C. (2014). Empatía: desde la percepción automática hasta los procesos controlados. Avances en Psicología Latinoamericana, 32(1), 37-51. dx.doi.org/10.12804/apl32.1.2014.03
López, M. B., Arán Filippetti, V., & Richaud, M. C. (2021). Adult Executive Functioning Inventory (ADEXI): Factor structure, convergent validity, and reliability of a Spanish adaptation. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2021.1880408
Luria, A. R. (1966). Higher cortical functions in man. Basic Books.
Martin, M. M., & Anderson, C. M. (1998). The cognitive flexibility scale: Three validity studies. Communication Reports, 11(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/08934219809367680
Martin, M. M., & Rubin, R. B. (1995). A new measure of cognitive flexibility. Psychological reports, 76(2), 623-626. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1995.76.2.623
Mestre Escrivá, V., Frías Navarro, M. D., & Samper García, P. (2004). La medida de empatía: análisis del Interpersonal Reactivity Index. Psicothema, 255-260.
Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki,A. H., Howerter, A., & Wager, T. D. (2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “frontal lobe” tasks: a latent variable analysis.Cognitive psychology,41(1), 49–100.
Montero, I., & León, O. G. (2007). A guide for research studies in Psychology.International Journal of Clinical and Health psychology,7(3),847–862.
Navarro, M. C., Quiroz Molinares, N., & Mebarak, M.(2022). Psychometric Study of the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory in a Colombian Sample.International Journal of Psychological Research,15(1), 42–54.
Osgood, C., Suci, G., Tannenbaum, P. (1957): The measurement of meaning. University of Illinois Press.
Stuss, D. T. & Benson, D. F. (1986). The frontal lobes. Raven Press.
Oshiro, K., Nagaoka, S., & Shimizu, E. (2016). Development and validation of the Japanese version of cognitive flexibility scale.BMC research notes,9, 1–8.https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-016-2070-y
Regard, M., Strauss, E., & Knapp, P. (1982). Children’s production on verbal and non-verbal communication tasks. Perceptual and motor skills,55(3), 839–844.
Reitan, R. M., & Wolfson, D. (1993).The Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery: Theory and Clinical Interpretation.2nd edn. Neuropsychology Press, Tuscon, AZ.
Stuss, D. T., & Benson, D. F. (1986).The frontal lobes.Raven Press
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