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Chandy, J. C. (2010). Desafíos en el diseño de sistemas Ciber-Físicos. Ingenierías USBmed, 1(1), 6–14. https://doi.org/10.21500/20275846.231
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Abstract
Los sistemas cyber-físicos ─Cyber-Physical Systems CPS─ es un proceso que integra la computación con los procesos físicos. Los computadores embebidos, el monitoreo de redes y el control de procesos físicos, usualmente tienen ciclos de retroalimentación en los que los procesos físicos afectan los cálculos, y viceversa. En este artículo se examinan los desafíos en el diseño de estos sistemas, y se plantea la cuestión de si la informática y las tecnologías de redes actuales proporcionan una base adecuada para ellos. La conclusión es que para mejorar los procesos de diseño de estos sistemas no será suficiente con elevar el nivel de abstracción o verificar, formalmente o no, los diseños en los que se basan las abstracciones de hoy. El potencial social y económico de los CPS es mucho mayor de lo que hasta el momento se ha pensado; en todo el mundo se están realizando grandes inversiones para desarrollar esta tecnología, pero los retos son considerables. Para aprovechar todo el potencial de los CPS se tendrán que reconstruir los procesos de las abstracciones informáticas y de las redes, y los procesos se deberán acoger en pleno a los principios de las dinámicas físicas y de la computación.
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G. Papadopoulos and F. Arbab. “Coordination models and languages”. In M. Zelkowitz (Ed.) Advances in Computers - The Engineering of Large Systems, Vol. 46, pp. 329-400, 1998.
G. A. Papadopoulos, A. Stavrou, and O. Papapetrou. “An implementation framework for software architectures based on the coordination paradigm”. Science of Computer Programming, Vol. 60, No. 1, pp. 27-67, 2006.
F. Arbab. “Reo: A channel-based coordination model for component composition”. Mathematical Structures in Computer Science, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 329-366, 2004.
E. A. Lee. “Model-driven development - from objectoriented design to actor-oriented design”. In Workshop on Software Engineering for Embedded Systems: From Requirements to Implementation, (a.k.a. The Monterey Workshop). Chicago, USA, September 24, 2003.
N. Wirth. “Toward a discipline of real-time programming”. Communications of the ACM, Vol. 20, No. 8, pp. 577-583, 1977.
J. A. Stankovic. “Misconceptions about real-time computing: a serious problem for next-generation systems”. Computer, Vol. 21, No. 10, pp. 10-19, 1988.
S. Johannessen. “Time synchronization in a local area network”. IEEE Control Systems Magazine. Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 61-69, 2004.
N. Zeldovich, A. Yip, F. Dabek, R. T. Morris, D. Mazieres, and F. Kaashoek. “Multiprocessor support for event-driven programs”. In USENIX Annual Technical Conference, San Antonio, Texas, USA, June 9-14, 2003.
H. Sutter and J. Larus. “Software and the concurrency revolution”. ACM Queue, Vol. 3, No.7, pp. 54-62, 2005.
D. E. Culler, A. Dusseau, S. C. Goldstein, A. Krishnamurthy, S. Lumetta, T. v. Eicken, and K. Yelick. “Parallel programming in Split-C”. Proceedings of the 1993 ACM/IEEE conference on Supercomputing. Portland, Oregon, USA, pp. 262-273, November, 1993.
R. D. Blumofe, C. F. Joerg, B. C. Kuszmaul, C. E. Leiserson, K. H. Randall, and Y. Zhou. “Cilk: an efficient multithreaded runtime system”. In ACM SIGPLAN symposium on Principles and Practice of Parallel Programming (PPoPP). Santa Barbara, California, USA, pp. 207-216, August, 1995.
D. F. Bacon, R. E. Strom, and A. Tarafdar. “Guava: a dialect of Java without data races”. ACM SIGPLAN Notices. Vol. 35, pp. 382-400, 2000.
O. Tardieu and S. A. Edwards. “SHIM: Schedulingindependent threads and exceptions in SHIM”. Proceedings of the 6th ACM & IEEE International conference on Embedded software. Seoul, Korea, pp. 142-151, October 22-24, 2006.
S. A. Edwards and E. A. Lee. “The case for the precisión timed (PRET) machine”. Proceedings of the 44th annual Design Automation Conference. San Diego, CA, USA, pp. 264-265, June 4-8, 2007.
N. J. H. Ip and S. A. Edwards. “A processor extensión for cycle-accurate real-time software”. In IFIP International Conference on Embedded and Ubiquitous Computing (EUC), Vol. LNCS 4096. Seoul, Korea, pp. 449-458, August, 2006
O. Avissar, R. Barua, and D. Stewart. “An optimal memory allocation scheme for scratch-pad-based embedded systems”. Trans. on Embedded Computing Sys., Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 6-26, 2002.
E. A. Lee and D. G. “Messerschmitt. Pipeline interleaved programmable dsps: Architecture”. IEEE Trans. on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, Vol. 35, No. 9, 1987.
D. F. Bacon, P. Cheng, and V. Rajan. “The Metronome: A simpler approach to garbage collection in real-time systems”. In Workshop on Java Technologies for Real-Time and Embedded Systems. Catania, Italy, pp. 466-478, November, 2003.
T. A. Henzinger, B. Horowitz, and C. M. Kirsch. “Giotto: A time-triggered language for embedded programming”. Proceedings of the IEEE EMSOFT 2001, Vol. LNCS 2211. Tahoe City, CA, USA, 2001.
G. Berry. “The effectiveness of synchronous languages for the development of safety-critical systems”. White paper, Esterel Technologies, 2003.
E. A. Lee, S. Neuendorffer, and M. J. Wirthlin. “Actororiented design of embedded hardware and software systems”. Journal of Circuits, Systems, and Computers, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 231-260, 2003.
E. Bini and G. C. Buttazzo. “Schedulability analysis of periodic fixed priority systems”. IEEE Transactions on Computers, Vol. 53, No. 11, pp. 1462-1473, 2004.
J. Sztipanovits and G. Karsai. “Model-integrated computing”. IEEE Computer, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp.110-112, 1997.
Y. Zhao, E. A. Lee, and J. Liu. “A programming model for time-synchronized distributed real-time systems”. In Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium (RTAS), Bellevue, WA, USA, pp. 259-268 April 3-6 2007.
T. Nghiem, G. J. Pappas, A. Girard, and R. Alur. “Timetriggered implementations of dynamic controllers”. Proceedings of the 6th ACM & IEEE International conference on Embedded software. Seoul, Korea, pp. 2-11, 2006.
B. H. Liskov and J. M. Wing. “A behavioral notion of subtyping”. ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems, Vol. 16, No. 6, pp. 1811- 1841, 1994.
L. de Alfaro and T. A. Henzinger. “Interface theories for component-based design”. In First International Workshop on Embedded Software (EMSOFT), Vol.
LNCS 2211. Lake Tahoe, CA, USA, pp. 148-165, October, 2001.
Y. Zhou and E. A. Lee. “A causality interface for deadlock analysis in dataflow”. In ACM & IEEE Conference on Embedded Software (EMSOFT), Seoul, South Korea, pp. 44-52, October 22-25, 2006.
L. Thiele, E. Wandeler, and N. Stoimenov. “Realtime interfaces for composing real-time systems”. Proceedings of the 6th ACM & IEEE International conference on Embedded software, Seoul, Korea, October 22-24, 2006.
T. A. Henzinger and S. “Matic. An interface algebra for real-time components”. Proceedings of the 12th IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium. San José, CA, USA, pp. 253-266, April 4-7, 2006.
H. Kopetz and N. Suri. “Compositional design of RT systems: A conceptual basis for specification of linking interfaces”. In 6th IEEE International Symposium on Object-Oriented Real-Time Distributed Computing (ISORC 2003), Hakodate, Hokkaido, Japan, pp. 51-60, May 14-16, 2003.
A. Chakrabarti, L. de Alfaro, and T. A. Henzinger. “Resource interfaces”. In R. Alur and I. Lee, (Eds), EMSOFT, Vol. LNCS 2855. Springer: Philadelphia, USA, pp. 117-133. 2003.
L. de Alfaro and T. A. “Henzinger. Interface-based design”. In M. Broy, J. Gruenbauer, D. Harel, and C. Hoare (Eds.) Engineering Theories of Softwareintensive
Systems, volume NATO Science Series: Mathematics, Physics, and Chemistry, Vol. 195, pp. 83-104. Springer: USA, 2005.
G. Papadopoulos and F. Arbab. “Coordination models and languages”. In M. Zelkowitz (Ed.) Advances in Computers - The Engineering of Large Systems, Vol. 46, pp. 329-400, 1998.
G. A. Papadopoulos, A. Stavrou, and O. Papapetrou. “An implementation framework for software architectures based on the coordination paradigm”. Science of Computer Programming, Vol. 60, No. 1, pp. 27-67, 2006.
F. Arbab. “Reo: A channel-based coordination model for component composition”. Mathematical Structures in Computer Science, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 329-366, 2004.
E. A. Lee. “Model-driven development - from objectoriented design to actor-oriented design”. In Workshop on Software Engineering for Embedded Systems: From Requirements to Implementation, (a.k.a. The Monterey Workshop). Chicago, USA, September 24, 2003.
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