Dimensions

PlumX

How to Cite
Sierra Montoya, A. C., Mesa Restrepo, S. C., Cuartas Arias, J. M., & Cornejo Ochoa, W. (2018). Prevalence and Clinical Characteristics of the Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) in Patients Diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Antioquia. International Journal of Psychological Research, 11(1), 58–69. https://doi.org/10.21500/20112084.3381
License terms
The work that is sent to this journal must be original, not published or sent to be published elsewhere; and if it is accepted for publication, authors will agree to transfer copyright to International Journal of Psychological Research. 

To give up copyright, the authors allow that, International Journal of Psychological Research, distribute the work more broadly, check for the reuse by others and take care of the necessary procedures for the registration and administration of copyright; at the same time, our editorial board represents the interests of the author and allows authors to re-use his work in various forms. In response to the above, authors transfer copyright to the journal, International Journal of Psychological Research. This transfer does not imply other rights which are not those of authorship (for example those that concern about patents). Likewise, preserves the authors rights to use the work integral or partially in lectures, books and courses, as well as make copies for educational purposes. Finally, the authors may use freely the tables and figures in its future work, wherever make explicit reference to the previous publication in International Journal of Psychological Research. The assignment of copyright includes both virtual rights and forms of the article to allow the editorial to disseminate the work in the manner which it deems appropriate. 

The editorial board reserves the right of amendments deemed necessary in the application of the rules of publication.

Abstract

Introduction: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is the most common behavioral issue for children. One of the sleeping disorders most frequently related to ADHD is the Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS), characterized by an irresistible urge to move the legs, something that is generally associated with paresthesias and motor restlessness. The prevalence rate of RLS in children diagnosed with ADHD is close to 18%, but in Colombia, these cases have been hardly studied. Objective: To determine the frequency of RLS, in children with ADHD. Methods: A cross-sectional study, filled out by parents of children diagnosed with ADHD, were analyzed. This questionnaire contained clinical criteria for classifying ADHD according to the DSM-IV, as well as diagnostic criteria for RLS by the National Institutes of Health (2003). Results: A predominance rate of 65.6% in combined ADHD was observed in children with RLS criteria. Upon carrying out an exploratory data analysis, it was found that having a family history of RLS and belonging to the middle or low socioeconomic strata are conditions associated with the presence of RLS in children with ADHD, with a significant p (p < 0.000) and a PR of 4.47 (3.16-6.32). Conclusions: The prevalence of RLS was similar to the findings of other clinical investigations. However, it highlights new prevalence values in relation to the comorbidity between ADHD and RLS, suggesting the need for new clinical and therapeutic alternatives amidst the presence of both syndromes.

Keywords:

References

Albin, R. L., Koeppe, R. A., Chervin, R. D., Consens, F. B., Wernette, K., Frey, K. A., & Aldrich, M. S. (2000). Decreased striatal dopaminergic innervation in REM sleep behavior disorder. Neurology, 55(9), 1410-1412. doi: 10.1212/WNL.55.9.1410

Allen, R. P., Picchietti, D., Hening, W. A., Trenkwalder, C., Walters, A. S., & Montplaisi, J. (2003). Restless legs syndrome: diagnostic criteria, special considerations, and epidemiology. Sleep Medicine, 4(2), 101-119. doi: 10.1016/S1389-9457(03)00010-8

Angriman, M., Cortese, S., & Bruni, O. (2017). Somatic and neuropsychiatric comorbidities in pediatric restless legs syndrome: A systematic review of the literature. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 34, 34-45. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2016.06.008

Archbold, K. H. (2006). Sleep disorders and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children: a missing differential diagnosis. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 12(4), 216-224. doi: 10.1177/1078390306295087

Bahcivan Saydam, R., Ayvasik, H. B., & Alyanak, B. (2015). Executive Functioning in Subtypes of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Nöro Psikiyatri Arşivi, 52(4), 386-392. doi: 10.5152/npa.2015.8712

Benes, H., Walters, A. S., Allen, R. P., Hening, W. A., & Kohnen, R. (2007). Definition of restless legs syndrome, how to diagnose it, and how to differentiate it from RLS mimics. Movement Disorders, 22(S18), 401-408. doi: 10.1002/mds.21604

Blunden, S. L., & Beebe, D. W. (2006). The contribution of intermittent hypoxia, sleep debt and sleep disruption to daytime performance deficits in children: consideration of respiratory and non-respiratory sleep disorders. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 10(2), 109-118. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2005.11.003

Buchfuhrer, M. J., Hening, W. A., & Kushida, C. A. (2006). Restless Legs Syndrome: Coping with Your Sleepless Nights. US: American Academy of Neurology.

Castano-De la Mota, C., Moreno-Acero, N., Losada-Del Pozo, R., Soto-Insuga, V., Perez-Villena, A., Rodriguez-Fernandez, C., . . . Pons-Rodriguez, M. (2017). Sindrome de piernas inquietas en pacientes diagnosticados de trastorno por deficit de atencion/hiperactividad. [Restless legs syndrome in patients diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]. Revista de neurología, 64(7), 299-304.

Cornejo, J. W., Osio, O., Sanchez, Y., Carrizosa, J., Sanchez, G., Grisales, H., . . . Holguin, J. (2005). Prevalencia del trastorno por déficit de atención-hiperactividad en niños y adolescentes colombianos [Prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Colombian children and teenagers]. Revista de neurología, 40(12), 716-722.

Cortese, S., Konofal, E., Lecendreux, M., Arnulf, I., Mouren, M. C., Darra, F., & Bernardina, B. (2005). Restless legs syndrome and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a review of the literature. Sleep, 28(8), 1007-1013. doi: 10.1093/sleep/28.8.1007

Cortese, S., Lecendreux, M., Bernardina, B. D., Mouren, M. C., Sbarbati, A., & Konofal, E. (2008). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, Tourette's syndrome, and restless legs syndrome: the iron hypothesis. Medical Hypotheses, 70(6), 1128-1132. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2007.10.013

Crowell, D. H., Kulp, T. D., Kapuniai, L. E., Hunt, C. E., Brooks, L. J., Weese-Mayer, D. E., . . . Peucker, M. (2002). Infant polysomnography: reliability and validity of infant arousal assessment. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology, 19(5), 469-483.

Chervin, R. D., Archbold, K. H., Dillon, J. E., Pituch, K. J., Panahi, P., Dahl, R. E., & Guilleminault, C. (2002). Associations between symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, restless legs, and periodic leg movements. Sleep, 25(2), 213-218. doi: 10.1093/sleep/25.2.213

Chervin, R. D., Dillon, J. E., Archbold, K. H., & Ruzicka, D. L. (2003). Conduct problems and symptoms of sleep disorders in children. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 42(2), 201-208.

Chervin, R. D., Dillon, J. E., Bassetti, C., Ganoczy, D. A., & Pituch, K. J. (1997). Symtoms of sleep disorders, inattention and hyperactivity in children. Sleep, 20(12), 1185-1192. doi: 10.1093/sleep/20.12.1185

Demirci, K., Yildirim Bas, F., Arslan, B., Salman, Z., Akpinar, A., & Demirdas, A. (2017). The Investigation of Symptoms and Diagnoses of Adult-Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder in Women with Iron Deficiency Anemia. Noro Psikiyatr Ars, 54(1), 72-77. doi: 10.5152/npa.2016.12464

Desautels, A., Turecki, G., Montplaisir, J., Ftouhi-Paquin, N., Michaud, M., Chouinard, V. A., & Rouleau, G. A. (2001). Dopaminergic neurotransmission and restless legs syndrome: a genetic association analysis. Neurology, 57(7), 1304-1306. doi: 10.1212/WNL.57.7.1304

El-Sheikh, M., Bagley, E. J., Keiley, M., Elmore-Staton, L., Chen, E., & Buckhalt, J. A. (2013). Economic adversity and children’s sleep problems: Multiple indicators and moderation of effects. Health Psychology, 32(8), 849-859. doi: 10.1037/a0030413

Elliott, H. (2002). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults: a guide for the primary care physician. Southern Medical Journal, 95(7), 736-743.

Garcia-Borreguero, D., & Williams, A. M. (2014). An update on restless legs syndrome (Willis-Ekbom disease): clinical features, pathogenesis and treatment. Current Opinion in Neurology, 27(4), 493-501. doi: 10.1097/WCO.0000000000000117

Golan, N., Shahar, E., Ravid, S., & Pillar, G. (2004). Sleep disorders and daytime sleepiness in children with attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder. Sleep, 27(2), 261-266. doi: 10.1093/sleep/27.2.261

Goldman, L. S., Genel, M., Bezman, R. J., & Slanetz, P. J. (1998). Diagnosis and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Jama, 279(14), 1100-1107. doi: 10.1001/jama.279.14.1100

Goodyear-Smith, F., & Arroll, B. (2006). Growing pains. British Medical Journal, 333(7566), 456-457. doi: 10.1136/bmj.38950.463877.80

Hurtig, T., Ebeling, H., Taanila, A., Miettunen, J., Smalley, S. L., McGough, J. J., ... & Moilanen, I. K. (2007). ADHD symptoms and subtypes: relationship between childhood and adolescent symptoms. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 46(12), 1605-1613. doi: 10.1097/chi.0b013e318157517a

Konofal, E. (2003). Restless legs syndrome and serum ferritin levels in ADHD children. Sleep, 23(A-1), 36–37.

Kotagal, S., & Silber, M. H. (2004). Childhood-onset restless legs syndrome. Annals of neurology, 56(6), 803-807. doi: 10.1002/ana.20292

Kushida, C. A. (2007). Clinical presentation, diagnosis, and quality of life issues in restless legs syndrome. The American Journal of Medicine, 120(1), S4-S12. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2006.11.002

Kwon, S., Sohn, Y., Jeong, S. H., Chung, U. S., & Seo, H. (2014). Prevalence of restless legs syndrome and sleep problems in Korean children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a single institution study. Korean J Pediatr, 57(7), 317-322. doi: 10.3345/kjp.2014.57.7.317

Lecendreux, M., & Konofal, E. (2002). [Sleep and vigilance in hyperactive children]. La Revue du praticien, 52(18), 2002-2004.

Manconi, M., Ulfberg, J., Berger, K., Ghorayeb, I., Wesstrom, J., Fulda, S., . . . & Pollmacher, T. (2012). When gender matters: restless legs syndrome. Report of the "RLS and woman" workshop endorsed by the European RLS Study Group. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 16(4), 297-307. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2011.08.006

Montplaisir, J., Boucher, S., Poirier, G., Lavigne, G., Lapierre, O., & Lesperance, P. (1997). Clinical, polysomnographic, and genetic characteristics of restless legs syndrome: a study of 133 patients diagnosed with new standard criteria. Movement Disorders, 12(1), 61-65. doi: 10.1002/mds.870120111

Oner, P., Dirik, E., Taner, Y., Caykoylu, A., & Anlar, O. (2007). Association between low serum ferritin and restless legs syndrome in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The Tohoku journal of experimental medicine, 213(3), 269-276. doi: https://doi.org/10.1620/tjem.213.269

Pagel, J. F., Forister, N., & Kwiatkowki, C. (2007). Adolescent sleep disturbance and school performance: the confounding variable of socioeconomics Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 3(1), 19-23.

Pearson, V. E., Allen, R. P., Dean, T., Gamaldo, C. E., Lesage, S. R., & Earley, C. J. (2006). Cognitive deficits associated with restless legs syndrome (RLS). Sleep Medicine, 7(1), 25-30. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2005.05.006

Per, H., Gunay, N., Ismailogullari, S., Oztop, D. B., & Gunay, O. (2017). Determination of restless legs syndrome prevalence in children aged 13-16 years in the provincial center of Kayseri. Brain and Development, 39(2), 154-160. doi: 10.1016/j.braindev.2016.08.011

Picchietti, D., Allen, R. P., Walters, A. S., Davidson, J. E., Myers, A., & Ferini-Strambi, L. (2007). Restless legs syndrome: prevalence and impact in children and adolescents – The Peds REST study. Pediatrics, 120(2), 253-266. doi: 10.1542/peds.2006-2767

Picchietti, D. L., England, S. J., Walters, A. S., Willis, K., & Verrico, T. (1998). Periodic limb movement disorder and restless legs syndrome in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of child neurology, 13(12), 588-594. doi: 10.1177/088307389801301202

Picchietti, M. A., & Picchietti, D. L. (2008). Restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder in children and adolescents. Seminars in Pediatric Neurology, 15(2), 91-99. doi: 10.1016/j.spen.2008.03.005

Pullen, S. J., Wall, C. A., Angstman, E. R., Munitz, G. E., & Kotagal, S. (2011). Psychiatric comorbidity in children and adolescents with restless legs syndrome: a retrospective study. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 7(6), 587-596. doi: 10.5664/jcsm.1456

Rappley, M.D. (2005). Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. New England Journal of Medicine, 352(2), 165-173. doi: 10.1056/NEJMcp032387

Rinaldi, F., Galbiati, A., Marelli, S., Cusmai, M., Gasperi, A., Oldani, A., . . . Ferini Strambi, L. (2016). Defining the phenotype of restless legs syndrome/Willis-Ekbom disease (RLS/WED): a clinical and polysomnographic study. Journal of Neurology, 263(2), 396-402. doi: 10.1007/s00415-015-7994-y

Rubió Badía, I., Mena Pujol, B., & Murillo Abril, B. (2006). El pediatra y la familia de un niño con TDAH. Revista Pediatría de Atención Primaria, 8(Supl 4), 199-216.

Sadeh, A., Gruber, R., & Raviv, A. (2003). The effects of sleep restriction and extension on school-age children: what a difference an hour makes. Child Development, 74(2), 444-455. doi: 10.1111/1467-8624.7402008

Sadeh, A., Pergamin, L., & Bar-Haim, Y. (2006). Sleep in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis of polysomnographic studies. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 10(6), 381-398. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2006.03.004

Salas, R. E., Gamaldo, C. E., & Allen, R. P. (2010). Update in restless legs syndrome. Current Opinion in Neurology,, 23(4), 401-406. doi: 10.1097/WCO.0b013e32833bcdd8

Schimmelmann, B. G., Friedel, S., Nguyen, T. T., Sauer, S., Ganz Vogel, C. I., Konrad, K., . . . Hebebrand, J. (2009). Exploring the genetic link between RLS and ADHD. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 43(10), 941-945. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.01.003

Senol, V., Unalan, D., Akca, R. P., & Basturk, M. (2018). Prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity and other disruptive behaviour disorder symptoms among primary school-age children in Kayseri, Turkey. Journal of International Medical Research, 46(1), 122-134. doi: 10.1177/0300060517712865

Silvestri, R., Gagliano, A., Arico, I., Calarese, T., Cedro, C., Bruni, O., . . . Bramanti, P. (2009). Sleep disorders in children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) recorded overnight by video-polysomnography. Sleep Medicine, 10(10), 1132-1138. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2009.04.003

Sobanski, E., Schredl, M., Kettler, N., & Alm, B. (2008). Sleep in Adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Before and During Treatment with Methylphenidate: A Controlled Polysomnographic Study. Sleep, 31(3), 375-381. doi: 10.1093/sleep/31.3.375

Van der Heijden, K. B., Smits, M. G., & Gunning, W. B. (2005). Sleep-related disorders in ADHD: a review. Clinical Pediatrics, 44(3), 201-210. doi: 10.1177/000992280504400303

Van der Heijden, K. B., Smits, M. G., & Gunning, W. B. (2006). Sleep hygiene and actigraphically evaluated sleep characteristics in children with ADHD and chronic sleep onset insomnia. Journal of Sleep Research, 15(1), 55-62. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2869.2006.00491.x

Wagner, M. L., Walters, A. S., & Fisher, B. C. (2004). Symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults with restless legs syndrome. Sleep, 27(8), 1499-1504. doi: 10.1093/sleep/27.8.1499

Walters, A. S., Mandelbaum, D. E., Lewin, D. S., Kugler, S., England, S. J., & Miller, M. (2000). Dopaminergic therapy in children with restless legs/periodic limb movements in sleep and ADHD. Pediatric Neurology, 22(3), 182-186. doi: 10.1016/s0887-8994(99)00152-6

Walters, A. S., Picchietti, D. L., Ehrenberg, B. L., & Wagner, M. L. (1994). Restless legs syndrome in childhood and adolescence. Pediatric Neurology, 11(3), 241-245. doi: 10.1016/0887-8994(94)90110-4

Walters, A. S., Silvestri, R., Zucconi, M., Chandrashekariah, R., & Konofal, E. (2008). Review of the possible relationship and hypothetical links between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the simple sleep related movement disorders, parasomnias, hypersomnias, and circadian rhythm disorders. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 4(6), 591-600.

Walther, B. W. (2002). Treating restless legs syndrome: current pathophysiological concepts and clinical trials. Journal Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 11(4), 501-514. doi: 10.1517/13543784.11.4.501

Wiggs, L., Montgomery, P., & Stores, G. (2005). Actigraphic and parent reports of sleep patterns and sleep disorders in children with subtypes of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Sleep, 28(11), 1437-1445. doi: 10.1093/sleep/28.11.1437

Wijemanne, S., & Ondo, W. (2017). Restless Legs Syndrome: clinical features, diagnosis and a practical approach to management. Practical Neurology. doi: 10.1136/practneurol-2017-001762

Winkelmann, J., Polo, O., Provini, F., Nevsimalova, S., Kemlink, D., Sonka, K., . . . & Montagna, P. (2007). Genetics of restless legs syndrome (RLS): State-of-the-art and future directions. Movement Disorders, 22(S18), 449-458. doi: 10.1002/mds.21587

Yeh, P., Ondo, W. G., Picchietti, D. L., Poceta, J. S., Allen, R. P., Davies, C. R., . . . Walters, A. S. (2016). Depth and Distribution of Symptoms in Restless Legs Syndrome/ Willis-Ekbom Disease. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 12(12), 1669-1680. doi: 10.5664/jcsm.6356

Zak, R., Couvadelli, B. V., Fischer, B., Moss, N. M., & Walters, A. S. (2009). Preliminary study of the prevalence of restless legs syndrome in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 108(3), 759-763. doi: 10.2466/pms.108.3.759-763

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Cited by

Most read articles by the same author(s)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 > >>