The Influence of Different Types of Social Support in Caregivers of People with Dementia
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Antelo, P., & Espinosa, P. (2022). The Influence of Different Types of Social Support in Caregivers of People with Dementia. International Journal of Psychological Research, 15(2), 85–93. https://doi.org/10.21500/20112084.5639
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To give up copyright, the authors allow that, International Journal of Psychological Research, distribute the work more broadly, check for the reuse by others and take care of the necessary procedures for the registration and administration of copyright; at the same time, our editorial board represents the interests of the author and allows authors to re-use his work in various forms. In response to the above, authors transfer copyright to the journal, International Journal of Psychological Research. This transfer does not imply other rights which are not those of authorship (for example those that concern about patents). Likewise, preserves the authors rights to use the work integral or partially in lectures, books and courses, as well as make copies for educational purposes. Finally, the authors may use freely the tables and figures in its future work, wherever make explicit reference to the previous publication in International Journal of Psychological Research. The assignment of copyright includes both virtual rights and forms of the article to allow the editorial to disseminate the work in the manner which it deems appropriate.
The editorial board reserves the right of amendments deemed necessary in the application of the rules of publication.
Abstract
Being a caregiver for a person with dementia has negative health consequences, like depression, stress, anxiety, and burden. Consequently, it is important that caregivers receive social support and social resources during the trajectory of the disease. This study analyzes how different types of social resources impact caregivers’ well-being. A cross-sectional sample of 260 caregivers was divided into groups, depending on the social resources they had access to. Namely, social media (N = 157), day-care centers (N = 40) or residential centers (N = 63). Social support, isolation, burden, coping strategies, and satisfaction measures were administered to participants, and groups were compared using ANOVA and SEM models. Help-seeking and social support received through social resources predicted satisfaction and caregivers’ burden. Formal resources positively influence care providers and their absence diminishes the impact of social support on perceived burden. This research reflects the importance of formal resources in the lives of caregivers and the benefits they generate throughout the course of the pathology. Supporting caregivers and bringing the social resources closer to them indirectly improves the informal response offered to people with dementia.
References
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Argentzell, E., Leufstadius, C., & Eklund, M. (2014). Social interaction among people with psychiatric disabilities – does attending a day center matter? International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 60 (6), 519–527. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764013502318
Bangerter, L., Liu, Y., & Zarit, S. H. (2019). Longitudinal trajectories of subjective care stressors: The role of personal, dyadic, and family resources. Aging and Mental Health, 23 (2), 255–262. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2017.1402292
Barrón, A. (1996). Apoyo social. Aspectos teóricos y aplicaciones [Social Support]. Theorical and practical issues]. Siglo Veintiuno de España Editores.
Bellón, J. A., Delgado, A., Dios, J., & Lardelli, P. (1996). Validez y fiabilidad del cuestionario de apoyo social funcional Duke-UNC-11 [Validity and reliability for Duke-UNC-11 functional social support questionnaire]. Atención Primaria, 18, 153–163.
Carretero, S., Garcés, J., Ródenas, F., & Sanjosé, V. (2006). La sobrecarga de las cuidadoras de personas dependientes. Análisis y propuestas de intervención psicosocial [Burden of dependents’ caregivers. Analysis and proposals for psychosocial intervention]. Tirant Lo Blanch.
Carver, C. (1997). You want to measure coping but your protocols too long: Consider the Brief COPE.
International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4 (1), 92–100. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327558ijbm0401_6
Chiao, C. Y., Wu, H. S., & Hsiao, C. Y. (2015). Caregiver burden for informal caregivers of patients with dementia: A systematic review. International Nursing Review, 62 (3), 340–350. https://doi.org/10.1111/inr.12194
Crespo, M., & Fernández-Lansac, V. (2015). Resiliencia en cuidadores familiares de personas mayores dependientes [Resilience in family caregivers of dependent seniors]. Anales De Psicología, 31 (1), 19–27. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.31.1.158241
de la Cuesta Benjumea, C. (2009). El cuidado familiar: Una revisión crítica. Investigación y Educación en Enfermería, 27 (1), 96–102.
del-Pino-Casado, R., Frias-Osuna, A., Palomino-Moral, P. A., Ruzafa-Martinez, M., & Ramos-Morcillo, A. J. (2018). Social support and subjective burden in caregivers of adults and older adults: A meta-analysis. Plos One, 13 (1), Article e0189874. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189874
Dempsey, L., Dowling, M., Larkin, P., & Murphy, K. (2020). Providing care for a person with latestage dementia at home: What are carers experiences? Dementia, 19 (2), 352–374. https://doi.org/10.1177/1471301218774937
de Pedro-Cuesta, J., Virues-Ortega, J., Vega, S., SeijoMartinez, M., Saz, P., Rodriguez, F., Reñé, R., Heras, S., Mateos, R., Martínez-Martín, P., Manubens, J., Mahillo-Fernandez, I., López-Pousa, S., Lobo, A., Reglà, J., Gascón, J., García, F., Fernández-Martínez, M., Boix, R., . . . Barrio, J. L. (2009). Prevalence of dementia and major dementia subtypes in Spanish populations: A reanalysis of dementia prevalence surveys, 1990–2008. Bmc Neurology, 9, Article 55. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2377-9-55
Fauth, E., Femia, E., & Zarit, S. (2016). Resistiveness to care during assistance with activities of daily living in non-institutionalized persons with dementia: Associations with informal caregivers stress and well-being. Aging and Mental Health, 20 (9), 888–898. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2015.1049114
Flórez, I. E., Montalvo, A., & Romero, E. (2012). Soporte social con Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación a cuidadores. Una experiencia en Cartagena, Colombia [Social support for caregivers with Information and Communication Technologies. An experience in Cartagena, Colombia]. Investigación y Educación en Enfermería, 30 (1), 55–65.
García, F., & Ceballos, R. (2002). Enfermedad de Alzheimer y calidad de vida [Alzheimer’s disease and quality of life]. Formación Alcalá.
Gellert, P., Häusller, A., Suhr, R., Gholami, M., Rapp, M., Kuhlmey, A., & Nordheim, J. (2018). Testing the stress-buffering hypothesis of social support in couples coping with early-stage dementia. PLoS One, 13 (1), Article e0189849. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189849
George, E. S., Kecmanovic, M., Meade, T., & Kolt, G. S. (2020). Psychological distress among carers and the moderating effects of social support. Bmc Psychiatry, 20 (1), Article 154. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02571-7
Hahn, E. A., Cella, D., Bode, R. K., & Hanrahan, R. T. (2010). Measuring social well-being in people with chronic illness. Social Indicators Research, 96 (3), 381–401. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-009-9484-z
Hawthorne, G. (2006). Measuring social isolation in older adults: Development and initial validation of the Friendship Scale. Social Indicators Research, 77 (3), 521–548. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-005-7746-y
Huertas-Domingo, C., Marquez-Gonzalez, M., Cabrera, I., Barrera-Caballero, S., Pedroso-Chaparro, M. D., Romero-Moreno, R., & Losada-Baltar, A. (2021). Sociocultural Influences on the Feeling of Loneliness of Family Caregivers of People with Dementia: The Role of Kinship. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18 (9), Article 4700. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094700
Johannessen, A., Bruvik, F., & Hauge, S. (2015). Family carers experiences of attending a multicomponent psychosocial intervention program for carers and persons with dementia. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, 8, 91–99. https://doi.org/10.2147/JMDH.S76093
Kent, E. E., Mollica, M. A., Dionne-Odom, J. N., Ferrer, R. A., Jensen, R. E., Ornstein, K. A., & Smith, A. W. (2020). Effect of instrumental support on distress among family caregivers: Findings from a nationally representative study. Palliative & Supportive Care, 18 (5), 519–527. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1478951520000036
Martín, M., Salvado, I., Nadal, S., Mijo, L. C., Rico, J., Lanz, P., & Taussig, M. I. (1996). Adaptación para nuestro medio de la escala de sobrecarga del cuidador (Caregiver Burden Interview) de Zarit [Adaptation to our environment of Zarit’s Caregiver Burden Interview]. Revista de Gerontología, 6, 338–346.
Maseda, A., Gonzalez-Abraldes, I., Labra, C., MareyLopez, J., Sanchez, A., & Millan-Calenti, J. C. (2015). Risk Factors of High Burden Caregivers of Dementia Patients Institutionalized at DayCare Centres. Community Mental Health Journal, 51 (6), 753–759. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-014-9795-7
Ong, H., Vaingankar, J., Abdin, E., Sambasivam, R., Fauziana, R., Tan, M., Chong, S., Goveas, R., Chiam, P., & Subramaniam, M. (2018). Resilience and burden in caregivers of older adults: Moderating and mediating effects of perceived social support. BMC Psychiatry, 18 (1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1616-z
Pérez, M., & Yanguas, J. J. (1998). Dependencia, personas mayores y familia. De los enunciados a las intervenciones [Dependence, family and the elderly. From proposals to interventions]. Anales de psicología, 14 (1), 95–104.
Phillipson, L., & Jones, S. (2012). Use of day centers for respite by help-seeking caregivers of individuals with dementia. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 38 (4), 24–34. https://doi.org/10.3928/00989134-20120307-05
Trepte, S., Dienlin, T., & Reinecke, L. (2015). Influence of social support received in online and offline contexts on satisfaction with social support and satisfaction with life: A longitudinal study. Media Psychology, 18 (1), 74–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2013.838904
Vega Alonso, T., Miralles Espí, M., Mangas Reina, J. M., Castrillejo Pérez, D., Rivas Pérez, A. I., Gil Costa, M., López Maside, A., Arrieta Antón, E., Lozano Alonso, J. E., & Fragua Gil, M. (2016). Prevalencia de deterioro cognitivo en España. Estudio Gómez de Caso en redes centinelas sanitarias [Prevalence of cognitive impairment in Spain. Health sentinel network Gómez del Caso study]. Neurología, 33 (8), 491–498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nrl.2016.10.002
Warchol-Biedermann, K., Mojs, E., Gregersen, R., Maibom, K., Millán-Calenti, J. C., & Maseda, A. (2014). What causes grief in dementia caregivers? Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 59 (2), 462–467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2014.05.013
Wawrziczny, E., Pasquier, F., Ducharme, F., Kergoat, M., & Antoine, P. (2017). Do spouse caregivers of young and older persons with dementia have different needs? a comparative study. Psychogeriatrics, 17 (5), 282–291. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyg.12234
Zarit, S. H., Reever, K. E., & Bach-Peterson, J. (1980). Relatives of the impaired elderly. Correlates of feelings of burden. Gerontologist, 20, 649–654. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/20.6.649
Zhao, J., Wang, Y., & Kong, F. (2014). Exploring the mediation effect of social support and self-esteem on the relationship between humor style and life satisfaction in Chinese college students. Personality and Individual Differences, 64, 126–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.02.026
Argentzell, E., Leufstadius, C., & Eklund, M. (2014). Social interaction among people with psychiatric disabilities – does attending a day center matter? International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 60 (6), 519–527. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764013502318
Bangerter, L., Liu, Y., & Zarit, S. H. (2019). Longitudinal trajectories of subjective care stressors: The role of personal, dyadic, and family resources. Aging and Mental Health, 23 (2), 255–262. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2017.1402292
Barrón, A. (1996). Apoyo social. Aspectos teóricos y aplicaciones [Social Support]. Theorical and practical issues]. Siglo Veintiuno de España Editores.
Bellón, J. A., Delgado, A., Dios, J., & Lardelli, P. (1996). Validez y fiabilidad del cuestionario de apoyo social funcional Duke-UNC-11 [Validity and reliability for Duke-UNC-11 functional social support questionnaire]. Atención Primaria, 18, 153–163.
Carretero, S., Garcés, J., Ródenas, F., & Sanjosé, V. (2006). La sobrecarga de las cuidadoras de personas dependientes. Análisis y propuestas de intervención psicosocial [Burden of dependents’ caregivers. Analysis and proposals for psychosocial intervention]. Tirant Lo Blanch.
Carver, C. (1997). You want to measure coping but your protocols too long: Consider the Brief COPE.
International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4 (1), 92–100. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327558ijbm0401_6
Chiao, C. Y., Wu, H. S., & Hsiao, C. Y. (2015). Caregiver burden for informal caregivers of patients with dementia: A systematic review. International Nursing Review, 62 (3), 340–350. https://doi.org/10.1111/inr.12194
Crespo, M., & Fernández-Lansac, V. (2015). Resiliencia en cuidadores familiares de personas mayores dependientes [Resilience in family caregivers of dependent seniors]. Anales De Psicología, 31 (1), 19–27. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.31.1.158241
de la Cuesta Benjumea, C. (2009). El cuidado familiar: Una revisión crítica. Investigación y Educación en Enfermería, 27 (1), 96–102.
del-Pino-Casado, R., Frias-Osuna, A., Palomino-Moral, P. A., Ruzafa-Martinez, M., & Ramos-Morcillo, A. J. (2018). Social support and subjective burden in caregivers of adults and older adults: A meta-analysis. Plos One, 13 (1), Article e0189874. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189874
Dempsey, L., Dowling, M., Larkin, P., & Murphy, K. (2020). Providing care for a person with latestage dementia at home: What are carers experiences? Dementia, 19 (2), 352–374. https://doi.org/10.1177/1471301218774937
de Pedro-Cuesta, J., Virues-Ortega, J., Vega, S., SeijoMartinez, M., Saz, P., Rodriguez, F., Reñé, R., Heras, S., Mateos, R., Martínez-Martín, P., Manubens, J., Mahillo-Fernandez, I., López-Pousa, S., Lobo, A., Reglà, J., Gascón, J., García, F., Fernández-Martínez, M., Boix, R., . . . Barrio, J. L. (2009). Prevalence of dementia and major dementia subtypes in Spanish populations: A reanalysis of dementia prevalence surveys, 1990–2008. Bmc Neurology, 9, Article 55. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2377-9-55
Fauth, E., Femia, E., & Zarit, S. (2016). Resistiveness to care during assistance with activities of daily living in non-institutionalized persons with dementia: Associations with informal caregivers stress and well-being. Aging and Mental Health, 20 (9), 888–898. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2015.1049114
Flórez, I. E., Montalvo, A., & Romero, E. (2012). Soporte social con Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación a cuidadores. Una experiencia en Cartagena, Colombia [Social support for caregivers with Information and Communication Technologies. An experience in Cartagena, Colombia]. Investigación y Educación en Enfermería, 30 (1), 55–65.
García, F., & Ceballos, R. (2002). Enfermedad de Alzheimer y calidad de vida [Alzheimer’s disease and quality of life]. Formación Alcalá.
Gellert, P., Häusller, A., Suhr, R., Gholami, M., Rapp, M., Kuhlmey, A., & Nordheim, J. (2018). Testing the stress-buffering hypothesis of social support in couples coping with early-stage dementia. PLoS One, 13 (1), Article e0189849. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189849
George, E. S., Kecmanovic, M., Meade, T., & Kolt, G. S. (2020). Psychological distress among carers and the moderating effects of social support. Bmc Psychiatry, 20 (1), Article 154. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02571-7
Hahn, E. A., Cella, D., Bode, R. K., & Hanrahan, R. T. (2010). Measuring social well-being in people with chronic illness. Social Indicators Research, 96 (3), 381–401. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-009-9484-z
Hawthorne, G. (2006). Measuring social isolation in older adults: Development and initial validation of the Friendship Scale. Social Indicators Research, 77 (3), 521–548. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-005-7746-y
Huertas-Domingo, C., Marquez-Gonzalez, M., Cabrera, I., Barrera-Caballero, S., Pedroso-Chaparro, M. D., Romero-Moreno, R., & Losada-Baltar, A. (2021). Sociocultural Influences on the Feeling of Loneliness of Family Caregivers of People with Dementia: The Role of Kinship. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18 (9), Article 4700. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094700
Johannessen, A., Bruvik, F., & Hauge, S. (2015). Family carers experiences of attending a multicomponent psychosocial intervention program for carers and persons with dementia. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, 8, 91–99. https://doi.org/10.2147/JMDH.S76093
Kent, E. E., Mollica, M. A., Dionne-Odom, J. N., Ferrer, R. A., Jensen, R. E., Ornstein, K. A., & Smith, A. W. (2020). Effect of instrumental support on distress among family caregivers: Findings from a nationally representative study. Palliative & Supportive Care, 18 (5), 519–527. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1478951520000036
Martín, M., Salvado, I., Nadal, S., Mijo, L. C., Rico, J., Lanz, P., & Taussig, M. I. (1996). Adaptación para nuestro medio de la escala de sobrecarga del cuidador (Caregiver Burden Interview) de Zarit [Adaptation to our environment of Zarit’s Caregiver Burden Interview]. Revista de Gerontología, 6, 338–346.
Maseda, A., Gonzalez-Abraldes, I., Labra, C., MareyLopez, J., Sanchez, A., & Millan-Calenti, J. C. (2015). Risk Factors of High Burden Caregivers of Dementia Patients Institutionalized at DayCare Centres. Community Mental Health Journal, 51 (6), 753–759. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-014-9795-7
Ong, H., Vaingankar, J., Abdin, E., Sambasivam, R., Fauziana, R., Tan, M., Chong, S., Goveas, R., Chiam, P., & Subramaniam, M. (2018). Resilience and burden in caregivers of older adults: Moderating and mediating effects of perceived social support. BMC Psychiatry, 18 (1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1616-z
Pérez, M., & Yanguas, J. J. (1998). Dependencia, personas mayores y familia. De los enunciados a las intervenciones [Dependence, family and the elderly. From proposals to interventions]. Anales de psicología, 14 (1), 95–104.
Phillipson, L., & Jones, S. (2012). Use of day centers for respite by help-seeking caregivers of individuals with dementia. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 38 (4), 24–34. https://doi.org/10.3928/00989134-20120307-05
Trepte, S., Dienlin, T., & Reinecke, L. (2015). Influence of social support received in online and offline contexts on satisfaction with social support and satisfaction with life: A longitudinal study. Media Psychology, 18 (1), 74–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2013.838904
Vega Alonso, T., Miralles Espí, M., Mangas Reina, J. M., Castrillejo Pérez, D., Rivas Pérez, A. I., Gil Costa, M., López Maside, A., Arrieta Antón, E., Lozano Alonso, J. E., & Fragua Gil, M. (2016). Prevalencia de deterioro cognitivo en España. Estudio Gómez de Caso en redes centinelas sanitarias [Prevalence of cognitive impairment in Spain. Health sentinel network Gómez del Caso study]. Neurología, 33 (8), 491–498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nrl.2016.10.002
Warchol-Biedermann, K., Mojs, E., Gregersen, R., Maibom, K., Millán-Calenti, J. C., & Maseda, A. (2014). What causes grief in dementia caregivers? Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 59 (2), 462–467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2014.05.013
Wawrziczny, E., Pasquier, F., Ducharme, F., Kergoat, M., & Antoine, P. (2017). Do spouse caregivers of young and older persons with dementia have different needs? a comparative study. Psychogeriatrics, 17 (5), 282–291. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyg.12234
Zarit, S. H., Reever, K. E., & Bach-Peterson, J. (1980). Relatives of the impaired elderly. Correlates of feelings of burden. Gerontologist, 20, 649–654. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/20.6.649
Zhao, J., Wang, Y., & Kong, F. (2014). Exploring the mediation effect of social support and self-esteem on the relationship between humor style and life satisfaction in Chinese college students. Personality and Individual Differences, 64, 126–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.02.026
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