Dimensions

PlumX

How to Cite
Valencia Piedrahita, M., & Cuartas Arias, J. M. (2016). Potential biomarkers in personality disorders: current state and future research. International Journal of Psychological Research, 9(1), 98–112. https://doi.org/10.21500/20112084.2105
License terms
The work that is sent to this journal must be original, not published or sent to be published elsewhere; and if it is accepted for publication, authors will agree to transfer copyright to International Journal of Psychological Research. 

To give up copyright, the authors allow that, International Journal of Psychological Research, distribute the work more broadly, check for the reuse by others and take care of the necessary procedures for the registration and administration of copyright; at the same time, our editorial board represents the interests of the author and allows authors to re-use his work in various forms. In response to the above, authors transfer copyright to the journal, International Journal of Psychological Research. This transfer does not imply other rights which are not those of authorship (for example those that concern about patents). Likewise, preserves the authors rights to use the work integral or partially in lectures, books and courses, as well as make copies for educational purposes. Finally, the authors may use freely the tables and figures in its future work, wherever make explicit reference to the previous publication in International Journal of Psychological Research. The assignment of copyright includes both virtual rights and forms of the article to allow the editorial to disseminate the work in the manner which it deems appropriate. 

The editorial board reserves the right of amendments deemed necessary in the application of the rules of publication.

Abstract

This review article presents the most appropriate strategies for examining the phenotype for personality disorders. At present there are many neurobiological and molecular studies that suggest a genetic predisposition to different traits representative of expressed personality disorders. Nonetheless, it has not been possible to accurately and successfully replicate such results due to some difficulties regarding the sensitivity, specificity and validity of the clinical evaluation methods, and the size and type of the chosen population and experimental designs used for research. Unfortunately, diagnoses done in psychiatry and psychology have a classification system based on the prevalence and intensity of symptoms and do not take into account the etiology, neurobiology, epidemiology, genetics, and drug responses.  On the other hand, explaining the phenomenology of personality disorderes and how genes work together to express this phenotype implies a revision of the chaos theory, addressing the connection between neurodevelopment, significantly stressful events during early childhood and epigenetic modifications in DNA related to stochastic events which may contribute to the development of normal or abnormal behavior

Keywords:

References

Allen, N. B., Lewinsohn, P. M., & Seeley, J. R. (1998). Prenatal and perinatal influences on risk for psychopathology in childhood and adolescence. Dev Psychopathol, 10(3), 513-529.
Amen, D. G., Stubblefield, M., Carmicheal, B., & Thisted, R. (1996). Brain SPECT findings and aggressiveness. Ann Clin Psychiatry, 8(3), 129-137.
Anderson, N. E., Stanford, M. S., Wan, L., & Young, K. A. (2011). High psychopathic trait females exhibit reduced startle potentiation and increased p3 amplitude. Behavioral sciences & the law, 29(5), 649-666. doi: 10.1002/bsl.998
Anthenelli, R. M., Maxwell, R. A., Geracioti, T. D., Jr., & Hauger, R. (2001). Stress hormone dysregulation at rest and after serotonergic stimulation among alcohol-dependent men with extended abstinence and controls. [Clinical Trial Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.]. Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research, 25(5), 692-703.
Bahmanyar, S., Montgomery, S. M., Weiss, R. J., & Ekbom, A. (2008). Maternal smoking during pregnancy, other prenatal and perinatal factors, and the risk of Legg-Calve-Perthes disease. Pediatrics, 122(2), e459-464. doi: peds.2008-0307 [pii] 10.1542/peds.2008-0307
Bauer, L. O., & Hesselbrock, V. M. (2001). CSD/BEM localization of P300 sources in adolescents "at-risk": evidence of frontal cortex dysfunction in conduct disorder. Biol Psychiatry, 50(8), 600-608. doi: S0006322301010666 [pii]
Benjamin, J; Ebstein, R. P; Belmaker, R. H. (2001). Genes for Human Personality Traits:“Endophenotypes” of Psychiatric Disorders?. The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2:2, 54-57.
Benning, S. D., Patrick, C. J., & Iacono, W. G. (2005). Psychopathy, startle blink modulation, and electrodermal reactivity in twin men. [Clinical Trial Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Twin Study]. Psychophysiology, 42(6), 753-762. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2005.00353.x.
Berman, M. E; Coccaro, E. F. (1998). Neurobiologic correlates of violence: relevance to criminal responsibility. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 16(3):303-18.
Birbaumer, N; Veit, R; Lotze, M; Erb, M; Hermann, C; Grodd, W; Flor, H. (2005). Deficient fear conditioning in psychopathy: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(7):799-805.
Blair, K. S., Richell, R. A., Mitchell, D. G., Leonard, A., Morton, J., & Blair, R. J. (2006). They know the words, but not the music: affective and semantic priming in individuals with psychopathy. [Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural]. Biological psychology, 73(2), 114-123. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2005.12.006
Blanco, C., Alegria, A. A., Petry, N. M., Grant, J. E., Simpson, H. B., Liu, S. M., Hasin, D. S. (2010). Prevalence and correlates of fire-setting in the United States: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). [Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 71(9), 1218-1225. doi: 10.4088/JCP.08m04812gry
Boccardi, M., Frisoni, G. B., Hare, R. D., Cavedo, E., Najt, P., Pievani, M., . . . Tiihonen, J. (2011). Cortex and amygdala morphology in psychopathy. [Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. Psychiatry research, 193(2), 85-92. doi: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.12.013
Boutwell, B. B., & Beaver, K. M. (2008). A biosocial explanation of delinquency abstention. Crim Behav Ment Health, 18(1), 59-74. doi: 10.1002/cbm.678
Borod, Haywood & Koff. (1997). Neuropsychological aspects of facial asymmetry during emotional expressions: A review of the normal adult literature. Neuropsychology Review,7, 41 – 60.
Brennan PA, G. E. y. c. (1999). Maternal smoking during pregnancy and adult male criminal outcomes. . Arch Gen Psychiatry,, 36, 215-219.
Brookes, K. J., Mill, J., Guindalini, C., Curran, S., Xu, X., Knight, J., Asherson, P. (2006). A common haplotype of the dopamine transporter gene associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and interacting with maternal use of alcohol during pregnancy. [Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. Archives of general psychiatry, 63(1), 74-81. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.63.1.74
Carmeli, C; Knyazeva, M. G; Cuenod, M; & Do, K. Q. (2012). Glutathione precursor Nacetyl-cysteine modulates EEG synchronization in schizophrenia patients: a double-Schiz 28 blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. PLoS One, 7(2), e29341. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029341.
Carlson, S. R., & Thai, S. (2010). ERPs on a continuous performance task and self-reported psychopathic traits: P3 and CNV augmentation are associated with Fearless Dominance. [Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. Biological psychology, 85(2), 318-330. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.08.002.
Caspi, A; McClay, J; Moffitt, T E; Mill, J; Martin, J; Craig, IW; Taylor, A; Poulton, R. (2002). Role of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children. Science, 297(5582):851-4.
Cuartas Arias, J. M., Palacio Acosta, C. A., Valencia, J. G., Montoya, G. J., Arango Viana, J. C., Nieto, O. C., Ruiz-Linares, A. (2011). Exploring epistasis in candidate genes for antisocial personality disorder. [Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. Psychiatric genetics, 21(3), 115-124. doi: 10.1097/YPG.0b013e3283437175.
Coccaro, E. F; Kavoussi, R. J; Berman, M. E; Lish, J. D. (1998). Intermittent explosive disorder revised: Development, reliability, and validity of research criteria. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 39: 368 – 376.
Courtet, P; Gottesman, I; Jollant, F; Gould, T. D. (2011). The neuroscience of suicidal behaviors: what can we expect from endophenotype strategies?. Translational Psychiatry, 1(5): e7. doi: 10.1038/tp.2011.6
Constantino, JN; Morris, JA; Murphy, DL. (1997). CSF 5-HIAA and family history of antisocial personality disorder in newborns. Journal of the American Psychiatric Association, 154(12):1771-3.
Daw, N. D., Kakade, S., & Dayan, P. (2002). Opponent interactions between serotonin and dopamine. Neural Netw, 15(4-6), 603-616. doi: S0893-6080(02)00052-7 [pii].
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth Edition. Arlington, VA, American Psychiatric Association, 2013.
DiLalla, L.F; Gottesman, II. (1991). Biological and genetic contributors to violence--Widom's untold tale. Psychological Bulletin, 109(1):125-129.
Dolan, M; Deakin, WJ; Roberts, N; Anderson, I. (2002). Serotonergic and cognitive impairment in impulsive aggressive personality disordered offenders: are there implications for treatment?. Psychological Medicine, 32(1):105-17.
Dolan, M; Fullam, R. (2006). Face affect recognition deficits in personality-disordered offenders: association with psychopathy. Psychological Medicine, 36(11):1563-1569.
Dongju Seo, C. J. P., Patrick J. Kennealy. (2008). Role of serotonin and dopamine system interactions in the neurobiology of impulsive aggression and its comorbidity with other clinical disorders. Aggression and Violent Behavior., 13, 383-395.
Dougherty, D. D., Shin, L. M., Alpert, N. M., Pitman, R. K., Orr, S. P., Lasko, M., . . . Rauch, S. L. (1999). Anger in healthy men: a PET study using script-driven imagery. Biol Psychiatry, 46(4), 466-472. doi: S0006-3223(99)00063-3 [pii].
Easton, C. J; Sacco, K. A; Neavins, T. M; Wupperman, P; George, T. P. (2008) Neurocognitive Performance Among Alcohol Dependent Men With and Without Physical Violence Toward Their Partners: A Preliminary Report', The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 34:1, 29 – 37.
Eling, P; Derckx, K; Maes, R. (2008). On the historical and conceptual background of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Brain and Cognition, 67(3):247-53. doi: 10.1016/j.bandc.2008.01.006.
Evenden, J. L. (1999). Varieties of impulsivity. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 146(4), 348-361. doi: 91460348.213 [pii]
Fairbanks, L. A., Melega, W. P., Jorgensen, M. J., Kaplan, J. R., & McGuire, M. T. (2001). Social impulsivity inversely associated with CSF 5-HIAA and fluoxetine exposure in vervet monkeys. Neuropsychopharmacology, 24(4), 370-378. doi: S0893-133X(00)00211-6 [pii] 10.1016/S0893-133X(00)00211-6
Fairchild, G., van Goozen, S. H., Stollery, S. J., Aitken, M. R., Savage, J., Moore, S. C., & Goodyer, I. M. (2009). Decision making and executive function in male adolescents with early-onset or adolescence-onset conduct disorder and control subjects. [Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. Biological psychiatry, 66(2), 162-168. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.02.024
Fergusson, D. M., Boden, J. M., Horwood, L. J., Miller, A. L., & Kennedy, M. A. (2011). MAOA, abuse exposure and antisocial behaviour: 30-year longitudinal study. [Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. The British journal of psychiatry. the journal of mental science, 198(6), 457-463. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.110.086991
Fergusson, D. M., Woodward, L. J., & Horwood, L. J. (1998). Maternal smoking during pregnancy and psychiatric adjustment in late adolescence. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 55(8), 721-727.
Finger, E. C; Marsh, A. A; Mitchell, D. G. V; Reid, M. E; Sims, C; Budhani, S., et al. (2008). Abnormal ventromedial prefrontal cortex function in children with callous and unemotional traits during reversal learning. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65(5), 586 – 594.
Glenn, AL. (2010). The other allele: Exploring the long allele of the serotonin transporter gene as a potential risk factor for psychopathy: A review of the parallels in findings. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 35(3): 612–620. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.07.005
Goldstein, R. B., & Grant, B. F. (2009). Three-year follow-up of syndromal antisocial behavior in adults: results from the Wave 2 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. [Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 70(9), 1237-1249. doi: 10.4088/JCP.08m04545.
Grant, B. F., Hasin, D. S., Stinson, F. S., Dawson, D. A., Chou, S. P., Ruan, W. J., & Pickering, R. P. (2004). Prevalence, correlates, and disability of personality disorders in the United States: results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. J Clin Psychiatry, 65(7), 948-958.
Hall, MH; Chen, CY; Cohen, BM; Spencer, KM; Levy,DL; Öngür, D; Smoller JW. (2015). Genomewide association analyses of electrophysiological endophenotypes for schizophrenia and psychotic bipolar disorders: a preliminary report. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 168B(3):151-61. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32298.
Hare, R. D. (1982). Psychopathy and physiological activity during anticipation of an adversive stimulus in a distraction paradigm. Psychophysiology, 19(3), 266-271.
Hare, R. D., Clark, D., Grann, M., & Thornton, D. (2000). Psychopathy and the predictive validity of the PCL-R: an international perspective. Behav Sci Law, 18(5), 623-645. doi: 10.1002/1099-0798(200010)18:5<623::AID-BSL409>3.0.CO;2-W [pii]
Hare, R. D., & Quinn, M. J. (1971). Psychopathy and autonomic conditioning. J Abnorm Psychol, 77(3), 223-235.
Hecht, D. (2010). Psychopathy and fearlessness: an interhemispheric imbalance perspective. [Comment Letter]. Biological psychiatry, 67(8), e51-52. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.10.034
Herpertz, S. C; Huebner, T; Marx, I; Vloet, T. D; Fink, G. R; Stoecker, T; Shah, N. J; Konrad, K; Herpertz-Dahlmann, B. (2008) Emotional processing in male adolescents with childhood-onset conduct disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49(7):781-91. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01905.x.
Herpertz, S. C., Werth, U., Lukas, G., Qunaibi, M., Schuerkens, A., Kunert, H. J., Sass, H. (2001). Emotion in criminal offenders with psychopathy and borderline personality disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 58(8), 737-745. doi: yoa20015 [pii].
Hiatt, K. D; Schmitt, W. A; Newman, J. P. (2004). Stroop Tasks Reveal Abnormal Selective Attention Among Psychopathic Offenders. Neuropsychology, 18(1): 50 – 59. doi: : 10.1037/0894-4105.18.1.50
Hoptman, M. J. (2003). Neuroimaging studies of violence and antisocial behavior. J Psychiatr Pract, 9(4), 265-278. doi: 00131746-200307000-00002 [pii]
Huchzermeier, C., Geiger, F., Kohler, D., Bruss, E., Godt, N., Hinrichs, G., & Aldenhoff, J. B. (2008). Are there age-related effects in antisocial personality disorders and psychopathy? J Forensic Leg Med, 15(4), 213-218. doi: S1752-928X(07)00153-9 [pii] 10.1016/j.jflm.2007.10.002
Huebner, T., Vloet, T. D., Marx, I., Konrad, K., Fink, G. R., Herpertz, S. C., & Herpertz-Dahlmann, B. (2008). Morphometric brain abnormalities in boys with conduct disorder. [Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 47(5), 540-547. doi: 10.1097/CHI.0b013e3181676545
Kamarajan, C; Porjesz, B. (2015). Advances in Electrophysiological Research. Current Reviews, 37(1): 53 – 87.
Kosson DS1, Lorenz AR, Newman JP. (2006). Effects of comorbid psychopathy on criminal offending and emotion processing in male offenders with antisocial personality disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 115(4):798-806.
Kostandov, E. A., Tal'tse, M. F., Zakharova, N. N., & Vazhnova, T. N. (1994). [The psychophysiological criteria for assessing the excitable type of psychopathy]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova, 94(5), 64-71.
Lang, P. J., Greenwald, M. K., Bradley, M. M., & Hamm, A. O. (1993). Looking at pictures: affective, facial, visceral, and behavioral reactions. Psychophysiology, 30(3), 261-273.
Lobbestael, J., Arntz, A., Cima, M., & Chakhssi, F. (2009). Effects of induced anger in patients with antisocial personality disorder. Psychological medicine, 39(4), 557-568. doi: 10.1017/S0033291708005102
Malterer, M. B; Glass, S. J; Newman, J. P. (2008). Psychopathy and Trait Emotional Intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 44(3): 735–745. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2007.10.007
Marsh, A. A., & Blair, R. J. (2008). Deficits in facial affect recognition among antisocial populations: a meta-analysis. [Meta-Analysis Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural Review]. Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 32(3), 454-465. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.08.003
Mehlman, P. T., Higley, J. D., Faucher, I., Lilly, A. A., Taub, D. M., Vickers, J., .Linnoila, M. (1994). Low CSF 5-HIAA concentrations and severe aggression and impaired impulse control in nonhuman primates. Am J Psychiatry, 151(10), 1485-1491.
Meijer, E. H., Smulders, F. T., Johnston, J. E., & Merckelbach, H. L. (2007). Combining skin conductance and forced choice in the detection of concealed information. Psychophysiology, 44(5), 814-822. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2007.00543.x
Moller, S. E., Mortensen, E. L., Breum, L., Alling, C., Larsen, O. G., Boge-Rasmussen, T., . . . Bennicke, K. (1996). Aggression and personality: association with amino acids and monoamine metabolites. Psychol Med, 26(2),
Morera, A; Gonzalez, P; Henry, M. (2009). Zaleplon increases nocturnal melatonin secretion in humans. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 31;33(6):1013-6. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.05.011.
Muller, J. L., Ganssbauer, S., Sommer, M., Dohnel, K., Weber, T., Schmidt-Wilcke, T., & Hajak, G. (2008). Gray matter changes in right superior temporal gyrus in criminal psychopaths. Evidence from voxel-based morphometry. Psychiatry research, 163(3), 213-222. doi: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2007.08.010
Narayan, V. M., Narr, K. L., Kumari, V., Woods, R. P., Thompson, P. M., Toga, A. W., & Sharma, T. (2007). Regional cortical thinning in subjects with violent antisocial personality disorder or schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry, 164(9), 1418-1427. doi: 164/9/1418 [pii] 10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.06101631
Nelson, R. J., & Chiavegatto, S. (2001). Molecular basis of aggression. Trends Neurosci, 24(12), 713-719. doi: S0166-2236(00)01996-2 [pii].
Onyekwere, D; Ramírez, J. M. (1994). Influence of timing of post-weaning isolation on play fighting and serious aggression in the male golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). Aggressive Behavior, 20(2):115-122. DOI: 10.1002/1098-2337(1994)20:23.0.CO;2-J.
Ortony, A., & Turner, T. J. (1990). What's basic about basic emotions? Psychological Review, 97, 315-331.
Ostrosky, F., Gómez, E., Matute, E., Rosselli, M., Ardila, A., & Pineda, D. (2007). NEUROPSI ATTENTION AND MEMORY: A neuropsychological test battery in Spanish with norms by age and educational level. Applied Neuropsychology, 14(3), 156-170.
Pajer, K; Gardner, W; Rubin, R T; Perel, J; Neal, S. (2001). Decreased cortisol levels in adolescent girls with conduct disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58(3):297-302.
Panksepp. (1992). Handbook of Communication and Emotion: Research, Theory, Applications, and Contexts. London: Peter & Laura.
Patrick, C. J., Bernat, E. M., Malone, S. M., Iacono, W. G., Krueger, R. F., & McGue, M. (2006). P300 amplitude as an indicator of externalizing in adolescent males. Psychophysiology, 43(1), 84-92. doi: PSYP376 [pii] 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2006.00376.x
Philibert, R. A., Wernett, P., Plume, J., Packer, H., Brody, G. H., & Beach, S. R. (2011). Gene environment interactions with a novel variable Monoamine Oxidase A transcriptional enhancer are associated with antisocial personality disorder. [Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural]. Biological psychology, 87(3), 366-371. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.04.007
Prehn, K., Schulze, L., Rossmann, S., Berger, C., Vohs, K., Fleischer, M., . . . Herpertz, S. C. (2012). Effects of emotional stimuli on working memory processes in male criminal offenders with borderline and antisocial personality disorder. The world journal of biological psychiatry : the official journal of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry. doi: 10.3109/15622975.2011.584906
Racer, K. H., Gilbert, T. T., Luu, P., Felver-Gant, J., Abdullaev, Y., & Dishion, T. J. (2011). Attention network performance and psychopathic symptoms in early adolescence: an ERP study. [Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural]. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 39(7). 1001-1012. doi: 10.1007/s10802-011-9522-6
Raine, A., Brennan, P., & Mednick, S. A. (1997). Interaction between birth complications and early maternal rejection in predisposing individuals to adult violence: specificity to serious, early-onset violence. Am J Psychiatry, 154(9), 1265-1271.
Ramirez, J. M., & Andreu, J. M. (2006). Aggression, and some related psychological constructs (Anger, hostility, and impulsivity. Some comments from a research project). Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 30, 276-291.
Ramirez OA, Carrer HF. (1982) Effect of estrogen and progesterone priming on the uptake and release of serotonin and noradrenaline from the ventromedial hypothalamus. Acta Physiol Lat Am. 32, 313–319.
Ramirez, J. M. and Delius, J. D. (1979), Aggressive behavior of pigeons: Suppression by archistriatal lesions. Aggr. Behav., 5: 3–17. doi: 10.1002/1098-2337(1979)5:1<3::AID-AB2480050103>3.0.CO;2-5
Ritsner, M.S; Gottesman, II. (2009). Where Do We Stand in the Quest for Neuropsychiatric Biomarkers and Endophenotypes and What Next?. In Michael S & Ritsner M. D. (Ed.) The Handbook of Neuropsychiatric Biomarkers, Endophenotypes and Genes (pp. 3 -21).
Sadeh, N; Verona, E. (2008) Psychopathic traits associated with abnormal selective attention and impaired cognitive control. Neuropsychology.22:669–680.
Sabb, F. W., Bearden, C. E., Glahn, D. C., Parker, D. S., Freimer, N., & Bilder, R. M. (2008). A collaborative knowledge base for cognitive phenomics. Mol Psychiatry, 13(4), 350-360. doi: 4002124 [pii] 310.1038/sj.mp.4002124
Samuels, J. (2011). Personlaity Disorders: epidemiology and public health issues. Int Rev Psychiatry, 23(3): 223 – 233. doi 10.3109/09540261.2011.588200.
Schalling, D., Asberg, M., Edman, G., & Oreland, L. (1987). Markers for vulnerability to psychopathology: temperament traits associated with platelet MAO activity. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 76(2), 172-182.
Sevecke, K., Lehmkuhl, G., & Krischer, M. K. (2008). Examining relations between psychopathology and psychopathy dimensions among adolescent female and male offenders. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. doi: 10.1007/s00787-008-0707-7
Sher, L; Oquendo, M A; Galfalvy, H C; Grunebaum, M F; Burke, A K; Zalsman, G; Mann, J J. (2005). The relationship of aggression to suicidal behavior in depressed patients with a history of alcoholism. Addictive Behaviors, 30: 1144 – 1153
Siever, LJ. (2005). Endophenotypes in the personality disorders. Dialogues Clin Neurosci, 7(2): 139 – 151.
Soderstrom, H., Hultin, L., Tullberg, M., Wikkelso, C., Ekholm, S., & Forsman, A. (2002). Reduced frontotemporal perfusion in psychopathic personality. Psychiatry Res, 114(2), 81-94. doi: S0925492702000069 [pii]
Stevens, M. C., Kaplan, R. F., & Hesselbrock, V. M. (2003). Executive-cognitive functioning in the development of antisocial personality disorder. Addict Behav, 28(2), 285-300. doi: S0306460301002325 [pii]
Sundram, F., Deeley, Q., Sarkar, S., Daly, E., Latham, R., Craig, M., Murphy, D. G. (2012). White matter microstructural abnormalities in the frontal lobe of adults with antisocial personality disorder. [Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior, 48(2), 216-229. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2011.06.005
Taylor, J., Loney, B. R., Bobadilla, L., Iacono, W. G., & McGue, M. (2003). Genetic and environmental influences on psychopathy trait dimensions in a community sample of male twins. J Abnorm Child Psychol, 31(6), 633-645.
Terburg, D., Morgan, B., & van Honk, J. (2009). The testosterone-cortisol ratio: A hormonal marker for proneness to social aggression. [Review]. International journal of law and psychiatry, 32(4), 216-223. doi: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2009.04.008
Virkkunen, M., Ebeling, H., Moilanen, I., Tani, P., Pennanen, S., Liesivuori, J., & Tiihonen, J. (2003). Total plasma l-tryptophan, free l-tryptophan and competing amino acid levels in a homicidal male adolescent with conduct disorder. [Case Reports]. Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica, 108(3), 244-246; discussion 246-247.
Wermter, A. K., Laucht, M., Schimmelmann, B. G., Banaschweski, T., Sonuga-Barke, E. J., Rietschel, M., & Becker, K. (2010). From nature versus nurture, via nature and nurture, to gene x environment interaction in mental disorders. [Review]. European child & adolescent psychiatry, 19(3), 199-210. doi: 10.1007/s00787-009-0082-z
World Health Organization. (2005). ICD-10 international statistical classification of diseases and related health problems (pp. 1 CD-ROM 4 3/4 in.).

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Cited by

Most read articles by the same author(s)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 > >>